scholarly journals Land Policy and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 256-285
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Xianxiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Population Urbanization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Land Leasing

Land leasing provides financial support for the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) urbanization. This chapter explores the relationship between land policies and urbanization in the PRC. In particular, it explores the relationship between urbanization and land leasing. It finds that the urbanization rate and the land-leasing revenue are positively related. Land leasing provides financial support for PRC’s urbanization, but damages the interests of landless peasants. Especially in the west, population urbanization lags behind land urbanization, resulting in much higher land and house prices in the east than those in inland PRC. Current land and household registration policies hinder the mobility of production factors, including construction land and the labour force, and distort the process of urbanization and industrialization. The land policy should be revised such that the market determines the allocation of land resources, which will create a unified, competitive urban–rural land market.

Costs and Benefits of Urbanization

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-78
Author(s):  
Kala S. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.

scholarly journals The Changing Educational Gradient in Marriage: Evidence from Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-91
Author(s):  
Siow Li Lai
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Educational Gradient

The rising age at marriage and non-marriage has been occurring concurrently with the rising educational level in many developing countries. This paper examines the changing relationship between educational attainment and the marriage rate (per cent ever married) and timing (age at marriage) in Malaysia over the past four decades, using multiple waves of Labour Force Survey data. Bivariate analyses show significant educational differentials in the proportion ever married and mean age at marriage for males and females, across ethnic groups and urban-rural locations. The educational effect on the rate and timing of marriage varied over time. Results from binary logistic regression show that controlling for ethnicity, urban-rural location, and age, the negative educational effect on the rate of marriage has turned positive in recent years. The change in the direction of the relationship between education and marriage rate was more pronounced for males than for females. The reduction in the educational gradient and a shift from negative to positive effect means that the conventional hypothesis of the education-marriage nexus needs to be re-assessed. The effects of rising education on the rate and timing of marriage should be considered in the implementation of the National Family Policy.

China’s urban-rural relationship: evolution and prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghe Zhang ◽  
Yawen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Future ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose In the 69 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially the 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relationship between urban and rural areas has undergone profound change. When the deepening reform of the urban-rural relationship is entering a critical period, it is necessary to reassess the evolution of the urban-rural relationship in China and draw a picture for that relationship in the future. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper combs the policies on the urban and rural development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and analyzes macro data on the industries, population, personal income, and other aspects. Findings The study found that this urbanism affects individuals’ lives and the choices of society through the will of the state, and then provides feedback at the whole level of social values. Originality/value This paper divides the evolution of China’s urban-rural relationship into two major stages – nurturing cities with rural areas and leading rural areas with cities, which are then subdivided into five periods. The features of the relationship between the urban and rural areas in different periods are analyzed, and the future development of urban-rural relations is also considered.

THE ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL SUPPORT THROUGH LEGAL CHANNELS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN FOUR ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Muhamad Marwan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to determine the impact of networking on SME’s ability to access government financial support through legal channels in Asia Pacific. This study is quantitative in nature in which the data has been gathered from 281 employees and managers working in SMEs through survey questionnaire. The SEM technique was utilised for the purpose of analysing and testing the mediation effect. The study found that there is a partial mediation of government financial support through legal channels among the relationship between networking with officers and access to finance. This study is restricted to the SMEs operating in the region of Asia Pacific.

The Western Connection: Western Support for the East German Opposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
East Germany ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
The West ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
East German ◽  
Environmental Network ◽  
The Relationship

Without help from the west, the small East German opposition,such as it was, never would have achieved as much as it did. Themoney, moral support, media attention, and protection provided bywestern supporters may have made as much of a difference to theopposition as West German financial support made to the East Germanstate. Yet this help was often resented and rarely acknowledgedby eastern activists. Between 1988 and 1990, I worked withArche, an environmental network created in 1988 by East Germandissidents. During that time, the assistance provided by West Germans,émigré East Germans, and foreigners met with a level of distrustthat cannot entirely be blamed on secret police intrigue.Outsiders who tried to help faced a barrage of allegations and criticismof their work and motives. Dissidents who elected to remain inEast Germany distrusted those who emigrated, and vice versa,reflecting an unfortunate tendency, even among dissidents, to internalizeelements of East German propaganda. Yet neither the helpand support the East German opposition received from outside northe mentalities that stood in its way have been much discussed. Thisessay offers a description and analysis of the relationship betweenthe opposition and its outside supporters, based largely on one person’sfirst-hand experience.

Higher education, gender, and foreign direct investment: Evidence from OECD countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 095042222199727
Author(s):  
George Pantelopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to explore and empirically investigate the relationship between the labour force across educational levels and foreign direct investment (FDI), and to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators across countries based on uniform and internationally agreed definitions. The analysis focuses on OECD countries. The empirical findings suggest that an educated labour force positively affects inward FDI. However, different educational levels do not have the same level of significance; tertiary education appears to have the greatest influence. As far as gender is concerned, the level of female participation in the workforce seems to be crucial in attracting FDI, and governments should therefore adopt policies to promote women’s empowerment.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Relationship between the Government and Civil Society Organizations during the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Israeli Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Power Dependence ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The paper analyzes the relations between the government and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. The paper presents the inconsistent policy of the government, which has been influenced by various interest groups and the very limited financial support allocated to CSOs during the health, economic and social crisis. The paper describes the government’s alienated attitude toward the CSOs as well as the reasons for that behavior. Special attention is devoted to the government’s misunderstanding of the mission and roles of CSOs in modern society, especially at times of crisis and national disasters. The paper also analyzes the organizational and strategic behavior of CSOs toward the government, which has also contributed to the alienated attitude of the government toward them. I argue that relations between CSOs and the government should be based on more trust, mutuality, and understanding on the part of both actors in order to change power-dependence relations, and that there is a need to establish more cross-sectoral partnerships for the benefit of citizens.

scholarly journals Investigating the Links between UK House Prices and Share Prices with Copulas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Bissoondeeal ◽  
Leonidas Tsiaras
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
House Prices ◽  
National Level ◽  
Tail Dependence ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
Left Tail ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shared Characteristic

AbstractWe investigate the nonlinear links between the housing and stock markets in the UK using copulas. Our empirical analysis is conducted at both the national and regional levels. We also examine how closely London house prices are linked to those in other parts of the UK. We find that (i) the dependence between the different markets exhibits significant time-variation, (ii) at the national level, the relationship between house prices and the stock market is characterised by left tail dependence, i.e., they are more likely to crash, rather than boom, together, (iii) although left tail dependence with the stock market is a prominent feature of some regions, it is by no means a universally shared characteristic, (iv) the dependence between property prices in London and other parts of the UK displays widespread regional variations.

scholarly journals Housing wealth, mortgages and Australians’ labour force participation in later life

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110265
Author(s):  
Rachel Ong ◽  
Gavin A Wood ◽  
Melek Cigdem
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Imputed Rent

In the life cycle model of consumption and saving, homeownership is an important vehicle for horizontal redistribution. Households accumulate wealth in owner-occupied housing during working lives before benefiting from imputed rent streams in retirement. But in some countries housing wealth’s welfare role has broadened as owners increasingly use flexible mortgages to smooth consumption during working lives. One consequence is higher outstanding mortgages later in life, a burden exacerbated by high real house prices that compel home buyers to demand mortgages that are a growing multiple of their incomes. We investigate whether these developments are prompting longer working lives, an idea that is especially relevant in countries offering relatively low government pensions. Australia is one such country. We use the 2001–2017 panels of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to estimate hazard models of exits from the Australian labour force as workers approach pensionable age. We find that those with high outstanding mortgage debts are more likely to postpone retirement, as are those with relatively low amounts of private pension wealth. These results are stronger in urban housing markets, and especially among males.

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