Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schneider ◽  
Vanessa Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
The Common ◽  
One To One ◽  
South African Rand

Eswatini, formally known as the Kingdom of Eswatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa and one of the smallest countries in Africa with a total area of 17,364 square kilometres (km) and a population of 1,367 (2017). It is bordered by Mozambique and South Africa. The capital and main business centre of Eswatini is Mbabane. The working week is from Monday to Friday from 0800 to 1300 and 1400 to 1700. The Swaziland Lilangeni (SZL/ E) is the official currency of Eswatini. The Lilangeni was introduced in 1974 to compete with the South African rand through the Common Monetary Area, to which it remains tied at a one-to-one exchange rate.

Lesotho

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schneider ◽  
Vanessa Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
South African ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The South ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The City ◽  
South African Rand

The Kingdom of Lesotho is a landlocked country within the borders of South Africa. Lesotho, previously known as Basutoland, was a British colony from 1959 until it gained its independence from Britain on 4 October 1966, after which it became formally known as The Kingdom of Lesotho. Lesotho covers an area of 30,355 square kilometres (km), with a total population of 2,285,604. The capital city is Maseru, which lies directly on the border with South Africa, with a population of 330,760. Maseru has a rapidly growing economy as a result of industrial trade, foreign and local investment in the city. Other main cities, although substantially smaller than Maseru include Teyateyaneng, Mafetang, and Hlotse. The working week is from Monday to Friday from 0900 to 1245 and from 1400 until 1630. The currency in Lesotho is the Maloti (M), which is used alongside the South African rand (ZAR), with the Maloti currently being at the same exchange rate to the South African rand.

scholarly journals First Report of Maize streak virus Field Infection of Sugarcane in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 982-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. van Antwerpen ◽  
S. A. McFarlane ◽  
G. F. Buchanan ◽  
D. N. Shepherd ◽  
D. P. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The South ◽  
Sugarcane Cultivar ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Impact

Prior to the introduction of highly resistant sugarcane varieties, Sugarcane streak virus (SSV) caused serious sugar yield losses in southern Africa. Recently, sugarcane plants with streak symptoms have been identified across South Africa. Unlike the characteristic fine stippling and streaking of SSV, the symptoms resembled the broader, elongated chlorotic lesions commonly observed in wild grasses infected with the related Maize streak virus (MSV). Importantly, these symptoms have been reported on a newly released South African sugarcane cultivar, N44 (resistant to SSV). Following a first report from southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in February 2006, a survey in May 2007 identified numerous plants with identical symptoms in fields of cvs. N44, N27, and N36 across the entire South African sugarcane-growing region. Between 0.04 and 1.6% of the plants in infected fields had streak symptoms. Wild grass species with similar streaking symptoms were observed adjacent to one of these fields. Potted stalks collected from infected N44 plants germinated in a glasshouse exhibited streak symptoms within 10 days. Virus genomes were isolated and sequenced from a symptomatic N44 and Urochloa plantaginea plants collected from one of the surveyed fields (1). Phylogenetic analysis determined that while viruses from both plants closely resembled the South African maize-adapted MSV strain, MSV-A4 (>98.5% genome-wide sequence identity), they were only very distantly related to SSV (~65% identity; MSV-Sasri_S: EU152254; MSV-Sasri_G: EU152255). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of maize-adapted MSV variants in sugarcane. In the 1980s, “MSV strains” were serologically identified in sugarcane plants exhibiting streak symptoms in Reunion and Mauritius, but these were not genetically characterized (2,3). There have been no subsequent reports on the impact of such MSV infections on sugarcane cultivation on these islands. Also, at least five MSV strains have now been described, only one of which, MSV-A, causes significant disease in maize and it is unknown which strain was responsible for sugarcane diseases on these islands in the 1980s (2,3). MSV-A infections could have serious implications for the South African sugar industry. Besides yield losses in infected plants due to stunting and reduced photosynthesis, the virus could be considerably more difficult to control than it is in maize because sugarcane is vegetatively propagated and individual plants remain within fields for years rather than months. Moreover, there is a large MSV-A reservoir in maize and other grasses everywhere sugarcane is grown in southern Africa. References: (1) B. E. Owor et al. J Virol. Methods 140:100, 2007. (2) M. S. Pinner and P. G. Markham. J. Gen. Virol. 71:1635, 1990. (3) M. S. Pinner et al. Plant Pathol. 37:74, 1998.

scholarly journals Constitutional Mimicry and Common Law Reform in a Rights-Based Post-Colonial Setting: The Case of South Africa and Malawi

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-170
Author(s):  
Sibo Banda
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Common

AbstractCompetent courts in Malawi must, as courts have done in South Africa, undertake a radical path in order to enhance the common law position of distinct categories of persons. This article discusses judicial appreciation of the common law-changing function of a bill of rights and its associated values, and judicial understanding as to when such a function may be brought into play. The article examines approaches taken by courts in South Africa in determining the circumstances in which the South African Bill of Rights applies to private relationships, when private parties owe each other duties arising out of the Bill of Rights and the scope of a court's authority to amend the common law in that regard. The article projects the debate, analysis and critique of these approaches onto the Malawian legal landscape through a discussion of the tenant worker contracted on the Malawi private estate.

Apartheid's Bomb and Regional Liberation: Cold War Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Anna-Mart van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cold War ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
African National Congress ◽  
The South ◽  
Nuclear Arsenal ◽  
The Cold War

South Africa had a small, highly classified nuclear weapons program that produced a small but potent nuclear arsenal. At the end of the 1980s, as South Africa was nearing a transition to black majority rule, the South African government destroyed its nuclear arsenal and its research facilities connected with nuclear armaments and ballistic missiles. This article, based on archival research in the United States and South Africa, shows that the South African nuclear weapons program has to be understood in the context of the Cold War battlefield that southern Africa became in the mid-1970s. The article illuminates the complex U.S.–South African relationship and explains why the apartheid government in Pretoria sought nuclear weapons as a deterrent in the face of extensive Soviet-bloc aid to black liberation movements in southern Africa, the escalating conflict with Cuban forces and Soviet-backed guerrillas on Namibia's northern frontier, and the attacks waged by the African National Congress from exile. A clear link can be drawn between the apartheid government's quest for a nuclear deterrent, liberation in southern Africa, and the Cold War.

The U.S.S.R. and Southern Africa Since 1976

1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Somerville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
African Coast ◽  
The Times

This extract from an editorial in The Times, which followed the capture of a Soviet warrant officer by invading South African forces in southern Angola in September 1981, sums up well the attitude in many western quarters, including most governments, towards Soviet involvement in the continent, particularly Southern Africa. It was widely assumed that the victory of the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola led by Agostinho Neto, achieved with substantial Soviet and Cuban aid, would lead to the use of Angola as a springboard for communist intervention in Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South Africa. Those who supported this premise believed that Moscow's leaders wished to be in a position to control the sea-lanes off the South African coast, and that

scholarly journals Testing for explosive bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate using the sequential ADF procedures

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Uchenna Elike ◽  
Emmanuel Anoruo
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
Dollar Exchange Rate ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Speculative Bubbles ◽  
Rational Bubbles ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Time Period ◽  
South African Rand

This paper tests for the existence of speculative bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate using the sequential ADF procedures. In particular, the paper uses the SADF and GSADF right-tailed unit root tests to explore the existence of explosive bubbles in the South African-US exchange rate for the time period running from January1980 through July 2012. The results provide evidence in support of the existence of explosive bubbles in the nominal rand-dollar exchange rate, the real exchange rate of traded and non-traded goods. The explosive behavior exhibited by the South African rand-US dollar exchange rate can be interpreted as evidence of rational bubbles given that this behavior is driven by the fundamentals including relative prices of traded and non-traded goods.

Additions to the holothuroid fauna of the southern African temperate faunistic provinces, with descriptions of new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1697 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMED S. THANDAR
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
East Coast ◽  
New Records ◽  
The South ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
The Third

This paper is the third and the final one in the series reporting on the numerous lots of unidentified holothuroids received from the South African and Natal Museums. While the first two papers were limited to the fauna of the subtropical east coast, this paper is limited to the fauna of the temperate region of southern Africa, west of the Port St. Johns-East London area, encompassing the warm and cold temperate faunistic provinces, stretching into Namibia. It records and/or describes 23 nominal and four indeterminate species of mostly dendrochirotid holothuroids. Altogether seven new species and three new records for the region under consideration are included and some new data presented for previously described but poorly known species, where this was lacking. The new species are Sclerothyone unicolumnus, Ocnus rowei, Cladodactyla brunspicula, Panningia trispicula, Psolidium pulcherrimum, P. pseudopulcherrimum and Synallactes samyni whereas the new records for South Africa are Pannychia moseleyi Théel; for the temperate region, Pawsonellus africanus Thandar; and for Namibia, Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora Heding.

scholarly journals Morbidity and mortality following envenomation by the common night adder (Causus rhombeatus) in three dogs

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt G.M. De Cramer ◽  
Garreth A. Van Bart ◽  
Freek Huberts
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
The South ◽  
The Common ◽  
Possible Cause

In South Africa dogs are frequently presented to veterinarians following snakebite. The offending snakes are usually puff adders (Bitis arietans), cobras (Naja spp.) and mambas (Dendroaspis spp.). Night adder (Causus rhombeatus) bites in dogs have not yet been reported in South Africa. This article deals with three cases of dogs bitten by night adders in which extensive tissue damage was noted and one fatality occurred. Night adder bites may be indistinguishable from puff adder bites. Non-specific treatment included addressing the hypovolaemia and swelling. Specific treatment involving immunotherapy using the South African polyvalent antivenom would be ineffective as it does not contain immunoglobulins against night adder venom. Veterinarians should also include night adders as the possible cause of dogs suffering from severe and painful swellings suspected to be due to snakebites.

scholarly journals South African Weather Service operational satellite based precipitation estimation technique: applications and improvements

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 8837-8871 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. de Coning ◽  
E. R. Poolman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Local Version ◽  
The South ◽  
Precipitation Measurement ◽  
Flash Flood Guidance

Abstract. Extreme weather related to heavy or more frequent precipitation events seem to be a likely possibility for the future of our planet. While precipitation measurements can be done by means of rain gauges, the obvious disadvantages of point measurements are driving meteorologists towards remotely sensed precipitation methods. In South Africa more sophisticated and expensive nowcasting technology such as radar and lightning networks are available, supported by a fairly dense rain gauge network of about 1500 gauges. In the rest of southern Africa rainfall measurements are more difficult to obtain. The availability of the local version of the Unified Model and the Meteosat Second Generation satellite data make these products ideal components of precipitation measurement in data sparse regions such as Africa. In this article the local version of the Hydroestimator (originally from NOAA/NESDIS) is discussed as well as its applications for precipitation measurement in this region. Hourly accumulations of the Hydroestimator are currently used as a satellite based precipitation estimator for the South African Flash Flood Guidance system. However, the Hydroestimator is by no means a perfect representation of the real rainfall. In this study the Hydroestimator and the stratiform rainfall field from the Unified Model are both bias corrected and then combined into a new precipitation field which can feed into the South African Flash Flood Guidance system. This new product should provide a more accurate and comprehensive input to the Flash Flood Guidance systems in South Africa as well as southern Africa. In this way the southern African region where data is sparse and very few radars are available can have access to more accurate flash flood guidance.

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