Temporal and Spiritual, Pope and Prince, the Right Way Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Peter Lake ◽  
Michael Questier
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Papal Authority ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
The Right

These identifications of the community of interest between the ill-intentioned (that is to say, Jesuits and puritans) in turn provided a platform for cases to be made about the right relationship between political and spiritual authority and, in particular, for an interrogation of what was the proper place in western Christendom of the pope and whatever authority it was that he possessed. The appellants’ claims on this score provoked, not unpredictably, Robert Parsons into an equal-and-opposite defence of papal authority. Here, however, appellant writers were also trying to distance themselves from the more strident analyses of this topic which had been associated, for example, with William Allen and which, with the collapse of the French Holy League and the approach, as seemed likely, of some sort of peace in northern Europe, and the very likely accession of James VI in England, were arguably inappropriate. This also raised the issue of how Catholicism might eventually be restored in England again.

Wyclif and the wheel of time

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Time Factor ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Ecclesiastical Authority ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
The Right ◽  
As If

During the 1370s Wyclif wrote to defend a monarchy which made extensive use of bishops and other clergy in the royal administration and yet was faced with aristocratic factions encouraged by bishops like Wykeham and Courtenay who espoused papal supremacy, if not out of conviction, at least as a very convenient weapon to support their independence against royal absolutism. At first sight Wyclifs attempts to define the right relationship between royal and episcopal, temporal and spiritual, power seem as confused as the contemporary political situation. His works contain such a wide range of theories from orthodox two swords dualism to a radical rejection of ecclesiastical authority well beyond that of Marsilius and Ockham that it seems as if his only interest was in collecting every anti-hierocratic idea available for use against the papacy. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a much more coherent view of episcopal power can be detected beneath his tirades if it is appreciated that his continual demand for a great reform, a reformatio regni et ecclesiae, is inseparably linked to his understanding of the history of the Christian Church, and that in this way Wyclif anticipates Montesquieu in requiring a time factor as a necessary ingredient in constitutional arrangements.

scholarly journals Fascism: Left, Right, or Neither

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Gindler
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
The Political ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Right ◽  
Means Of Production

The article discusses fascism's place on the political spectrum. At present, there is no consensus among political scientists and economists on that issue, as it has been extraordinarily politicized and distorted during ideological struggles among various currents of socialism. From the very beginning, fascism was depicted by Marxists as belonging to the Right, while Fascists themselves wanted to build a society that transcends the Left-Right paradigm. However, few voices in academia have noted that practical implementation of the fascists’ ideas, inherited from the works of revolutionary and national syndicalists, exhibited predominantly leftist characteristics.The ambiguity of placing fascism in its proper place on the political spectrum can be confidently resolved by applying three primary factors that govern political spectrum polarization: attitude to private property, scope of individual freedom, and degree of wealth redistribution. The article argues that fascism is a particular current of non-Marxian socialism that utilized collectivization of consciousness and wealth redistribution as the main paths toward socialism rather than outright expropriation of private property or means of production. Simultaneously, it is acknowledged that private property rights were inhibited by the fascist state, even though de jure they were permitted.The fascist ideal of the “alternate way” had a logical inconsistency that produced an unstable equilibrium between labor and capital as well as between the man and the state. The politico-economic structure predictably collapsed to the left in the course of building a new society. Therefore, fascism could be correctly called the Right of the Left.

Sacrifice in Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling

1975 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Fleming Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Divine Command ◽  
Essential Nature ◽  
Fear And Trembling ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

In Kierkegaard's hands the story of Abraham and Isaac is clearly a story about the relationship between the life of sacrifice and the religious life. By leading us on to deeper and deeper levels of sacrifice, he aims to make us grasp the essential nature of faith and, with it, the right relationship between the individual and God. He does this by means of a dialectic involving Abraham's response to God in contrast to (1) the other possible responses he might have made, and (2) Kierkegaard's own response to what he believed was the divine command to break his engagement to Regina Olsen.

The Matter of Metaphor: Literary Myths of Construction

1981 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Alexander McClung
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Architectural Theory ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

Since classical times, the dialectic of Art and Nature has found expression in architectural theories and practices that have claimed for the preeminent craft of Architecture the discovery of a system of correct design, construction, and ornament grounded in natural laws. The intellectual arguments that have made such systems plausible are rooted in assumptions about legitimacy in the choice and use of materials of construction, and assumptions about the right relationship of materials to structural function. Imaginative and ethical literature have most fully articulated these assumptions, although modernist architectural rhetoric sustains and renews them. In the Stoic eye, all craft is suspect as an illegitimate reordering of natural forms and natural processes; medieval esthetic systems may classify architecture as the bastard child of man and nature. The most effective and pervasive mechanism by which architecture has circumvented such strictures is the functionalist formula that in essence requires identity of content with form, of dweller with dwelling, of hollow with shell, as both a physical and a metaphysical unity. Such a metaphoric formula is realized fully only in imagination, finding its fullest expression in English estate poetry of the 17th century. There, a complex set of literary devices permits the formulation of ideal structures in conformity with natural law, however defined, drawing on broad paradisal myths as well as narrower historical and architectural quarrels to establish a permanent dichotomy between the "natural," "functional" structure and its contrary. In the exaltation of form over content, and in the rehabilitation of luxury in construction, modern architectural theory and practice has radically modified the classical formula, while retaining its essential terms.

The past and monastic debate in the time of Bernard of Clairvaux

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Christopher Holdsworth
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
The Right

The period from the earlier decades of the eleventh century to the middle of the twelfth is characterized by a number of great debates on subjects which arose out of some of the most significant aspects of the institutions of the time. There wasthestruggle, that between kingdoms and priesthood, or empire and papacy as it has sometimes misleadingly been called, reflected in the huge folio volumes simply entitledLibelli de Lite. At a rather rarer, theological level, there was a great argument about the sacraments, particularly the Eucharist, which had implications both for the status of the clergy (in particular their links with their lay patrons), and for relations between those churches which looked to Rome for their guidance and those which, if they focused anywhere, looked to Constantinople. Somewhat between these two levels, people argued about the right relationship between secular and regular clergy, while within the monastic family there was dispute about the best way in which men, and to a much lesser degree women, could make their route heavenwards. A great deal no doubt was said about all these issues at the time which has now evaporated, but much was written down, the residue which survives making up a series of the most sustained discussions in the West on any kind of subject since the great theological controversies of the fourth and fifth centuries.

scholarly journals XIX. An account of some productions of nature in Scotland resembling the giants- Causeway in Ireland: In a letter to the Right Reverend Richard Lord Bishop of Ossory, F. R. S. From Emanuel Mendez Da Costa, F. R. S

1761 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
The Right

My Lord, Your Lordship having communicated to the Royal Society, at their last meeting, an account of some rocks at the entrance of the harbour of Dunbar in Scotland, which are formed into pillars, like the growth of the famous Giants-causeway, but which are solid, and not joined like them, I take the liberty to send your Lordship the following account of a like natural production in other parts of Scotland, which was communicated to me by my ingenious friend Mr. Murdoch Mackenzie, who, by order of the Lords of the Admiralty, surveyed the coasts of that kingdom, and which came too late to be inferred in its proper place in my work.

scholarly journals The role of lexical homogeneity in the poetry rhythm of Hazin Lahiji

2021 ◽  
pp. e021018
Author(s):  
Narges Moradganjeh ◽  
Bijan Zahiri Nav ◽  
Shokrollah Pouralkhas
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Descriptive Method

Hazin Lahiji is one of the prominent poets of the twelfth century AH (1103-1180). A poet who has been the center of many literary controversies and conflicts of his time, he is also a rhythm and a criterion for measuring the poems of his contemporaries, and the so-called "corrector", he has personality that Indian grandee are proud to talk to him. The aim of this writing, with attention to the homogeneity of words in creating rhythm and integration into poetry and with analytical-descriptive method, and with formalistic approach; is to show how Hazin Lahiji creates the most rhythm from the beauties of rhetorical industries and the aspect of their order and coherence in their proper place and time, and how to connect the rhythm of poetry with other elements, in order to add value to the sound and music of poems. And he uses a kind of understanding between his thought and sympathy with the audience to show the distinctive poetic language. To explain this issue, he organized disciplines under two general categories "imperfect” and "perfect balance" and examined the role of industries related to each category as a process of de-familiarization through the music of Hazin (sad) poems. The present study shows that Hazin Lahiji, with the knowledge of the aesthetic aspects of word music, has been able to affect the soul and spirit of the audience by all kinds of repetition and observing the appropriateness of words and choosing beautiful words in the right place, and to express himself poetically as much as possible and to release his words from the usual hierarchy and linearity.

scholarly journals Can Trait-Based Schemes Be Used to Select Species in Urban Forestry?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Watkins ◽  
Andrew Hirons ◽  
Henrik Sjöman ◽  
Ross Cameron ◽  
James D. Hitchmough
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
The Right

Urban forests in northern Europe are threatened by climate change and biosecurity risks, and in response, city planners are urged to select a wider portfolio of tree species to mitigate the risks of species die-off. However, selecting the right species is a challenge, as most guidance available to specifiers focuses on ecosystem service delivery rather than the information most critical to tree establishment: the ability of a species to tolerate the stresses found in a given place. In this paper, we investigate the potential of using ecological techniques to describe ecological traits at the level of species selection, and the potential of functional ecology theories to identify species that are not widely discussed or specified at present but might be suitable. We collected trait data on 167 tree species across 37 genera, including 38 species within a case study genus, Magnolia L., and tested four theories that posit ways in which traits trade off against each other in predictable ways. We found that at this scale, most species recommended for urban forestry tend to be ordinated along an axis of variation describing pace of life and stress tolerance, and that most Magnolia species are described as being fast-growing rather than stress-tolerant, although there is a degree of inter-specific variation. Further, we found that only one theory offers a succinct and reliable way of describing physiological strategies but translating ecological theory into a form appropriate for urban forestry will require further work.

Papal Authority and Religious Sentiment in The Late Middle Ages

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 409-428
Author(s):  
David L. d’Avray
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Financial Exploitation ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Italian Politics ◽  
Papal Authority ◽  
Papal Court

Undergraduate ideas about medieval papal history tend to take the following form. In the late eleventh and early twelfth century the papacy led a reform movement and increased its power. In the mid- to late twelfth century its spiritual authority waned as its legal activities expanded. Innocent III gave a new lease of life to the institution by extending its protection to those elements in the effervescent spiritual life of the time which were prepared to keep their enthusiasm for evangelical preaching and apostolic poverty within the limits of doctrinal orthodoxy. By the middle of the thirteenth century, however, the papacy was more preoccupied with Italian politics than with the harnessing of spiritual enthusiasm. Its power and prestige remained great until the beginning of the fourteenth century, when Pope Boniface VIII was humiliated by the forces of the French King, acting with the Colonna family. The ‘Babylonian Captivity’ at Avignon, which followed shortly afterwards, was a period of grandiose claims and real weakness in relation to secular powers (especially France), of financial exploitation of the clergy, and of costly involvement in Italian wars. The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement marked a still lower point in the religious prestige of the papacy. In the later fifteenth century the superiority of pope over council came to be generally recognized. Moreover, the papal state, in central Italy, was consolidated to provide a relatively secure base, and popes became patrons of painting and humanism. The patronage was a largely secular matter, however, and the papal court that of a secular prince. As for the popes’ control over the Western Church, it was limited, at least in practice, by the power of kings and princes over the clergy of their territories. Above all, the idea of sovereign papal authority in the religious sphere no longer had any connection with the real forces of religious sentiment and spirituality.

Professor Johann Burchard Mencke, F. R. S. (1674-1732)

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
English History ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Leipzig ◽  
The Town

The Tercentenary of the Royal Society was just the right occasion to revive the memory of one of its early continental Fellows, a man, who loved England as much as his own fatherland, Saxony, a man who did probably more than anyone else to spread the knowledge of English science, English history and the English way of life in Central Europe in the hey-day of continental absolutism. Johann Burchard Mencke belonged to a family of distinguished scholars. His father, Otto Mencke, (1) a native of the town of Oldenburg, had founded the Acta Eruditorum , (2) the first scientific journal in Germany, in 1682. Otto Mencke, who was professor of moral philosophy at the University of Leipzig, had previously made a long trip to England and Holland, to get into personal contact with the scholars, scientists and philosophers of those countries. The Acta , written in Latin and giving scientific and historical news of all parts of the world, was soon read in central, western and northern Europe.

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