Women, Men, and the ‘Missing’ Babies

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Sachiko Baba ◽  
Hiroyasu Iso
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Access To Contraception

Japan experienced a baby boom in the late 1940s and a second smaller one during the 1970s. This small second baby boom in the 1970s generated far fewer women of reproductive age in the 2000s, resulting in a missing third baby boom. Legalization of induced abortion in 1949 may have contributed to shortening the baby booms and suppressing the fertility rate. Less frequent sexual intercourse, delayed marriage, remaining single, and childless marriages play increasingly prominent roles in the recent low fertility rates in Japan. In the 1980s and 1990s, fertility rates in South Korea and China declined to similarly low levels. Fertility rates remain low in the three countries. Despite different histories and cultures, e.g. abortion rights and access to contraception, East Asian countries seem to share factors, such as trends in marriage and remaining unmarried, leading to low fertility rates. Further research and education across all age groups is needed. Policies that prioritize reproductive-aged adults, children, and childcare could play a key role in raising fertility rates.

scholarly journals Functional time series analysis of age-specific fertility rates: visualizing the change in the age-pattern of fertility in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Mallika Deb ◽  
Tapan Kumar Chakrabarty
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Functional Time Series

Functional Time Series Analysis (FTSA) is carried out in this article to uncover the temporal variations in the age pattern of fertility in India. Attempt is made to find whether there is any typical age pattern in the nation’s fertility across the reproductive age groups. If so, how do we characterize the role of changing age pattern of fertility across reproductive age groups in the nation’s fertility transition? We have used region-specific (rural-urban) and country level data series on Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs) available from Sample Registration System (SRS), India during 1971-2013. Findings of this study are very impressive. It is observed that the youngest age group of women in 15-19 years has contributed to the maximum decline in fertility with a substantially accelerated pace during the period of study. The major changes in fertility rates among Indian women dominated by the rural representation occur at the ages after 30. Further, the study also suggests that the future course of demographic transition in India from third phase to the fourth phase of replacement fertility would depend on the degree and pace of decline among the rural women aged below 30 years.

scholarly journals Young Men’s Employment and Their Marriage: A Comparison among Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, France, and Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-228
Author(s):  
Shigeki Matsuda
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Regular Employment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Married Male

Abstract In Europe, falling fertility rates are regarded as part of a second demographic transition precipitated by changing values. Low fertility rates in developed Asian countries, however, are thought to be due to decreasing marriage rates, as a result of worsening young men’s employment. This study proposes the hypothesis that men in non-regular employment – those with low incomes and those who are unemployed – have lower probabilities of getting married. Male employment was analyzed using a logistic regression of micro data for 20- to 49-year-old men in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, France, and Sweden. The study’s findings generally supported the hypothesis and clearly confirmed that there is a relationship between employment and marriage in Asian countries, and especially in Japan.

scholarly journals Fertility in Islamic Republic of Iran: Levels, Trends and Differentials during Three Decades (1967-1996)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Mohammad ◽  
Farideh Khalaj Abadi Farahani ◽  
Mehdi Rahgozar ◽  
Mahmood Mahmoodi Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Born Child ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Systematic Cluster ◽  
Detailed Nature

This study focuses on the fertility levels and trends of Iranian women aged 10- 49 years during three decades, 1967-1996. Information was collected by interviewing a systematic cluster sample of 13,253 households. The basic date of concern was the date of each live born child for a sample of women in reproductive age and whether the live born was alive at the time of the study. The detailed nature of these data collected for each birth enabled fertility rates to be calculated for exact periods before the survey, for exact calendar years. Higher fertility rates were found for the period 10-15 and 15-20 years preceding the survey. These high fertility levels are probably due to some socio-economic changes in favor of higher level of fertility immediately after the 1979 revolution. However the results of the present survey show during 1967-1996, the TFR1 had dropped from 6.38 to 2.88 (an expected TFR based on fertility behavior during 1992-96). This decline was probably due to delay in marriage and policy changes in favor of population control particularly since 1987. Despite this potential fertility decline in recent years, Iran is expected to face a baby boom as the offspring who were born during the 1976-86 reach to the reproductive age in the coming decades.

scholarly journals REFLECTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY IN FERTILITY RATES IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
E.N. Sindyashkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Age Profile ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Demographic Policy

Since 2018, a new package of demographic policy measures has been introduced in Russia, including direct financial support for families with children, a preferential mortgage lending program, expanded use of maternity funds, and the development of infrastructure aimed at facilitating childcare. In 2019-2020, the measures taken were adjusted and supplemented. The article attempts to answer the question of whether the introduction of a package of pro-natalist measures affects the fertility rate; the possible impact of new measures of demographic policy, its timing and nature is considered. The article presents a detailed analysis of the main parameters of fertility, such as the dynamics of age-specific fertility rates by five-year age groups for first second and third births; transformation of the age profile of fertility; dynamics of the total fertility rate. The contribution of structural (change in the number of women of reproductive age for each age group) and demographic (change in age-specific fertility rates) factors to the change in the number of births has been determined. The groups of regions are formed according to the age profiles of the first-born fertility. The author applies methods of comparative analysis of fertility rates by age groups, by birth order, by region, methods of retrospective analysis, classification, and grouping. The research results can be used in the development of measures to improve population policy.

Aging of rural population in Yugoslavia

Stanovnistvo ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Jelena Antonovic
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban

Mass migration to urban areas constitutes the basic direct factor of the decline in rural population of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century. Due to the characteristic migration patterns by age and sex, they have had a substantial impact on the change in age structure of rural population towards rapid demographic ageing. By inducing decline in fertility and an increase in mortality, the newly formed age structure is increasingly becoming one of the basic factors to further decline in population, or even the major factor to rural depopulation in the majority of regions. The paper analyzes changes in age structure of rural population in the FR of Yugoslavia and across its republics and provinces during the period from 1961 to 1991. The conditions prevailing during the last census (1991) are particularly highlighted. The author points to distinct differences in ageing of urban versus rural populations, and considerable regional differences at the achieved level of demographic age. Based on the main demographic age indicators (the share of five-year and larger age groups, average age, ageing index and movement in major age-specific contingents), the author concludes that the process of population ageing had taken place in both rural and urban populations, but was more intensive in villages (higher share of the aged, higher index of ageing and higher average age) during the period under review. The author points to distinct ageing of rural population in all republics and provinces. It was most prominent in central Serbia and Vojvodina, while being quite slow in Kosovo and Metohia and recorded mainly in between the last two censuses (1981-1991). Likewise, Kosovo and Metohia constitute the only major region of Yugoslavia in which rural population in 1991 is still demographically younger than the population in urban settlements. Rural versus urban population ageing was much more intensive in other major regions of the country, both from the base and from the apex of the age pyramid. In view of the minimal differences in fertility and mortality levels by type of settlement (particularly in central Serbia and Vojvodina), the author argues that the inherited age structure constitutes the main cause of rapid acceleration in rural population ageing in low fertility regions.

Review of the Micronutrient Situation in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Arsenault ◽  
Deanna K. Olney
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Context Specific

Background: Rwanda’s commitment to reducing malnutrition is evident in their multisectoral nutrition policy and wide array of nutrition partners. However, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and the suitability of current strategies to address existing deficiencies is unclear. Objective: To review the available evidence related to the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies across the life cycle and strategies in place to address them. Methods: We reviewed scientific and grey literature on nutritional problems in Rwanda, emphasizing micronutrient deficiencies and anemia, and current strategies to address micronutrient malnutrition. Results: Overall, there is scant evidence related to the types and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among populations across the life cycle in Rwanda. Existing evidence is primarily limited to outdated or small regional surveys focusing on iron or vitamin A among women and young children. Surveys have assessed the prevalence of anemia and indicate that anemia is very high among young children and moderately high among other age-groups. However, there are limited data on the context-specific causes of anemia in Rwanda across population groups. Current nutrition strategies mainly target women and young children and are primarily designed to reduce vitamin A deficiency and/or anemia caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Conclusions: Rwanda has many nutrition programs in place that address micronutrient deficiencies in young children and a few for women of reproductive age. However, gaps exist in knowledge of the extent of different types of micronutrient deficiencies among all populations across the life cycle and whether the delivery of nutrients through current programs is meeting actual needs.

scholarly journals Recession, Local Fertility, and Urban Sustainability: Results of a Quasi-Experiment in Greece, 1991–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1052
Author(s):  
Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Gianluca Egidi ◽  
Rosanna Salvia ◽  
Luca Salvati ◽  
Adele Sateriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Sustainability ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Fertility is a spatially non-stationary property of regional demographic systems. Despite the wealth of quantitative (micro–macro) information delineating short-term population dynamics in advanced economies, the contribution of economic downturns to local fertility has still been under-investigated along urban–rural gradients, especially in low-fertility contexts. Recent studies have assumed suburban fertility rates as systematically higher than urban and rural fertility rates. This assumption (hereafter known as the “suburban fertility hypothesis”) has been grounded on stylized facts and spatial regularities in advanced economies that reflect a significant role of both macro (contextual) and micro (behavioral) factors that positively influence fertility in suburban locations. To test the suburban fertility hypothesis at the macro-scale, the present study compares gross fertility rates from seven regional units of the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2018. A refined spatial analysis of gross fertility rates during an economic expansion (1999–2008) and recession (2009–2018) was carried out in 115 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities of the same area. Experiencing sequential waves of economic expansion and recession, Athens’ socio-demographic dynamics were considered a sort of “quasi-experiment” for Southern Europe, linking late suburbanization with the multiple impacts of (rapid) economic downturns. Compared with both urban and rural locations, a higher fertility rate in suburban municipalities (15–20 km away from downtown Athens) was observed during the study period. However, a subtle distinction was observed during the economic expansion versus the recession. In the first period, the highest birth rates were recorded in industrial locations west of Athens, hosting economically disadvantaged communities with a relatively young population structure. With the recession, the highest fertility was associated with residential and service-specialized (wealthier) locations east of Athens, attracting resident population from neighboring areas, and better responding to crisis. The results of our study document how recent urban expansion and economic downturns have intrinsically shaped fertility dynamics, with implications for urban sustainability and social cohesion of metropolitan regions.

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