SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN RUSSIA: MODERN TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The article examines the main trends and directions of the development of self-employment in Russia, considering the foreign experience of taxation and the provision of social guarantees, in terms of risks for service providers and customers, as well as the impact of new services and state support measures for the self-employed. On the one hand, the number of self-employment taxpayers grows rapidly due to the special tax regime “Self-employment income tax” introduced for the period 2019-2020, on the other hand, there is a tendency towards the erosion of labor relations. The study aims to identify areas of growth in registered self-employment as a result of the development of incentive measures for “getting out of the shadows” and areas of risk caused by cases of illegal tax optimization. These issues require the development of adequate measures to support and regulate self-employment. This was especially evident in the context of the pandemic and isolation, which required additional ways to support people in difficult financial situations. The authors apply methods of statistical analysis, comparative analysis, analysis of the legal framework, and scientific literature. Certain conclusions and provisions may be useful for federal and regional executive authorities to design the active policy measures in the field of employment, to achieve the objectives of federal and national projects, as well as to develop and adjust the main directions and individual measures of employment policy at the macro level.

NEW APPROACHES TO THE METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LABOR RATIONING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

Digital technologies are being actively introduced into our life and economy that it is often impossible to track all innovations and the resulting effect of their appearance; the population quickly adapts and gets used to them. Similar trends are observed in the public sector. Visitors to clinics, museums, Multifunctional Public Services Centers, and other institutions easily use an electronic system that puts a queue to a specialist, use various services and gadgets. Due to digitalization, remote work is gaining more popularity, especially among young people, pensioners and women. The remote work market plays a very important role in the modern economy. As an extremely complex distribution mechanism, it ensures the connection of workers to remote workplaces. Thus, it affects both productivity and growth rates, as well as many other parameters of the economy as a whole. Digitalization is becoming such an important factor in increasing labor productivity and improving the quality of life that the changes taking place in the market are considered as the onset of a new stage of economic development. Currently, the development of digitalization is primarily associated with the introduction of digital communication technologies, the platform for which is the Internet and mobile devices. Information technologies are being integrated into all spheres of economic activity. In this regard, the nature of labor, as well as labor functions are undergoing dramatic changes, the proportion of work performed remotely or using specialized software is increasing. In this regard, the work intensity (provision of services) requires attention, which directly depends on the updating of the methodology of labor rationing. Within the framework of this article, the methodological foundations of labor rationing in the public sector are analyzed, considering the impact of digitalization and automation processes on labor rationing.

THE CONCEPT OF ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF MANAGERS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

The object of the study is senior employees at all levels of management at industrial enterprises operating in the global innovation economy. The aim of the paper is to develop a concept for ensuring the competitiveness of managers at industrial enterprises, the use of which leads to the harmonization of the socio-economic results of the enterprise and the employee in the global innovation economy. The author applies methods of system and structural-functional analysis, questionnaires, interviews, expert assessments, statistical analysis, production experiments, timekeeping, and photography to record working hours. The research information base includes public reports of leading industrial companies; industry scientific and technical literature; reports and materials of NIIOGR; materials of international, industry, regional conferences, symposia, and seminars; the results of the author’s developments. Based on the results of the paper the author has developed a scientific concept, according to which ensuring the competitiveness of managers of industrial enterprises in the global innovation economy is achieved by increasing the dynamics of development and the efficiency of using their management potential through the formation of an internally competitive environment of the enterprise and congruent external environment. The study concludes that the proposed concept creates a basis for substantiating the criteria, methods, and methodological principles of ensuring the competitiveness of managers of industrial enterprises in the global innovation economy.

STRATEGIC LEADER IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: ROLE, QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS

The chaos associated with the rapid development of digital technologies that have filled the economy has become a powerful demotivator of the workforce in education, career growth, and high productivity. In these conditions, the need arose for new leadership capable of developing and implementing strategies, managing personnel, inspiring and motivating. The object of the research is strategic leadership skills in the digital economy. The purpose of the paper is to describe the qualities of a modern strategic leader that are required to manage a company (region or country) in the digital economy. The author applies methods of analysis of scientific literature of domestic and foreign authors, international organizations. The study was based on the strategizing methodology of Vladimir L. Kvint, Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Doctor of Economics. The article examines the characteristics required for a strategic leader according to J. Maxwell, P. Hersey and C. Blanchard, D. Goleman, R. Boyatzis, A. McKee and R.K. Greenleaf, and the World Economic Forum. Based on the results of the study, the author developed guidelines for the formation of the necessary skills for state, regional, municipal and corporate leaders, opt to effectively realize themselves in the digital economy. The results of the paper may be useful for state, regional, municipal authorities, as well as in the corporate sector.

COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH TO MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC SERVICES PERSONNEL ON INFORMATION SECURITY

Among the factors affecting the level of digitalization and information security of public services in the Russian Federation, the training level of civil servants in this area has a special place. The object of this paper is the activities of government agencies on the assessment and development of information security competencies of civil servants. The authors apply a competencybased approach to determine the effectiveness of information security in government agencies and focus on monitoring the state of work on assessing and developing competencies in the field of information security of civil servants. The purpose of the study is to develop tools and methods for monitoring the effectiveness of personnel to ensure information security in public services. The methodological base of the study includes the analysis of the regulatory framework, scientific literature in the field of the best domestic and foreign practices, data obtained on the basis of surveys of government representatives. The research results: indicators and methods for assessing the maturity of the work of state bodies on the assessment and development of competencies in the field of information security of civil servants are proposed; the findings of the study on information security level in a number of instances are presented, the most frequent incidents related to ensuring information security by civil servants are given, the relationship between the maturity of information security processes and the level of competence of civil servants in this area is shown. The results of the study may be used in the activities of HR and IT-services, information security divisions of public services, as well as by federal and regional authorities responsible for the development and implementation of state policy in legal regulation on information security in the public civil service. Provided the information security is one of the basic qualification requirements, the prospect of solving problems in this area is seen in the automation of monitoring processes based on the federal unified information system for personnel management of the civil service of Russia.

FORMATION OF THE LABOR MARKET INEQUALITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Recognizing the growth of inequality as one of the main social and economic problems of our time. The author concludes that it is natural and caused by a radical reformatting of the economy influenced by digital technologies. The article examines the organizational and technological changes in the modern economy, influenced by digitalization, in terms of their impact on labor relations and the restructuring of the modern labor market. The paper aims to study the mechanisms of the inequality formation in the labor market and the peculiarities of the social and labor sphere functions in the new economic reality. Employment, as a connecting link between economic and social processes, has been chosen as the main category of scientific analysis, which makes it possible to understand the essence of the ongoing transformations, as well as their social consequences. These transformations can be implemented using software automation of business processes. From the economic point of view, it allows you to significantly increase labor productivity, from the social point of view, it helps to reduce the demand for labor and labor costs. Automation of individual business processes turns out to be a socio-technological prerequisite for the “platformization” of employment and the emergence of crowdworking platforms that institutionalize this process. The increasingly widespread employment platform, which fundamentally changes the relationship between employers and workers, reduces social protection for the latter and leads to the segmentation of the previously egalitarian labor market. Under the influence of digitalization of business processes, labor relations are being transformed from social into computer algorithms, and the “employee” becomes a “user of mobile applications”. The article highlights the stages of business automation and examines its impact on employment and the nature of social and labor relations from the organizational, technological, political, economic and macroeconomic perspectives. In addition, the social consequences of digital transformation of business processes are analyzed in relation to the conditions of specific business activities – the manufacturing sector and the service sector. The author concludes that the digitalization of business processes affects the change in the nature of social and labor relations indirectly – through a decrease in demand for labor and structural changes in employment. Understanding the essence of this process is important for identifying the root causes of the inequality in the modern labor market, and the conclusions of the research may be useful when choosing options of state policy aimed at eliminating its most acute consequences.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION

The article examines the process of regulating employment through the introduction of digital technologies in the organizational and legal sphere. The authors considered the features of the manifestation of organizational and legal aspects of employment regulation during the transition to a post-industrial society. The attention is focused on the most problematic areas of employment regulation. The research is based on the position of continuity of socio-economic development and continuity of its stages. The study made it possible to identify quantitative, structural, and qualitative transformations in the field of employment in the Russian Federation, related to information and digital technologies. These changes require the solution of a set of tasks to improve the system of organizational and legal regulation of employment: limiting the negative impact of digital technologies in the process of regulating employment; regulation of organizational and legal regulation of all types of “agency labor” and its adjustment, considering the spread of its non-standard forms in terms of expanding the scope of digital technologies; ensuring cooperation between all parties of social and labor relations on issues related to the use of non-standard forms of employment in the context of the introduction of digital technologies; reduction of “digital illiteracy” among jobseekers; positioning of electronic self-employment as a promising form of employment regulation. Based on the results of the study, the authors determined the vector for solving these problems, considering the large-scale use of digital technologies.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERSECTORAL ECONOMIC FACTORS ON EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL

The target of the research is the sphere of employment of the Russian labor market. The author attempts to assess the total labor costs in the sectoral context and the intersectoral structure of jobs in the economy. The aim of the study is to analyze retrospective indicators of the number and sectoral structure of employment, quantitative estimates of the impact on it of the parameters of economic dynamics. The analysis of the coefficients showed that the branches of the real sector and the service sector are characterized by different abilities to create jobs, which are determined by the structure of production in the economy. With the growth of production in the sectors of the real sector, the demand for employment (exceeding the size of the intrasectoral one) is formed more in related sectors. Most service industries have a low potential for inducing jobs in the economy. The article also substantiates that a change in final demand for the same amount in industries is differently transformed into labor income in the economy. In the service sector, the largest growth in payroll funds was recorded with a minimum increase in the income of workers in related industries. In the production sector, the situation is the opposite: the growth of final demand generates incomes for workers in related industries with a lower direct effect. The research is based on the input-output tables published by Rosstat and the symmetric input-output balance table obtained on their basis for 2017. The results of the study and the conclusions drawn are a tool for assessing the effectiveness of economic policy measures aimed at supporting and/or developing industries in terms of their impact on employment and income growth of the working population.

INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF SERVICES AS A TOOL FOR ANALYSIS OF ACHIEVING THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The relevance of an independent assessment of the quality of the conditions for the delivery of services (IAQ) as a tool for assessing the state of the social sphere is determined by the ability to use it to identify the expectations of a modern consumer, his needs, to detail shortcomings in the delivery of services and develop measures to eliminate them. Independent assessment acts as a form of public control, contributing to the development of civil society, allowing to eliminate problems and improve the system of providing services in the social sphere. The aim of the study is to consider the potential of using IAQ in solving problems of public administration. The research methods used in the work serve as a significant empirical base based on the results of monitoring studies of the implementation of IAQ in the regions of the Russian Federation based on surveys of government representatives and citizens who receive services, as well as on the basis of information provided on the official website for posting information about state (municipal) institutions bus.gov.ru, and have a formal and logical component in terms of conducting a comparative analysis of regulatory sources, using analytical methods of functional and statistical analysis. The choice of research tools was determined by the presence in the current database of the functioning of the IAQ from the moment of its creation in 2013 to the present. The analysis of the results of an independent quality assessment made it possible to identify key shortcomings in the social sphere, the structure of problems that are most often found in the regions and their relationship with the main directions of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. According to the results of the study, the hypothesis was confirmed that the incorporation of an independent assessment into the system of executive authorities, which allows to quickly obtain objective data on the state of the social sphere, makes it possible to put its results into practice aiming to analyze the achievement of national goals and ensuring the socio-economic development of Russia. The use of the results of the IAQ to increase the validity and efficiency of management decisions to improve the activities of public organizations for officials of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and representatives of public organizations responsible for their development, allows for a comprehensive impact on improving the quality of life of the population.

POVERTY IN RUSSIA: REGIONAL FEATURES AND PROSPECTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION INSTRUMENTS

The article examines the theoretical and methodological, and methodical approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty, proposed by international organizations and Russian and foreign experts, and shows their evolution. The paper reveals the relationship between socio-economic crises leading to a worsening employment situation and the level of poverty. The subject of the research is poverty in Russian regions and regional programs contributing to its reduction. The aim of the study is to monitor and analyze regional data on poverty reduction in Russian regions. Methods of work: dialectical method of cognition, systems approach, structural analysis, comparative approach, methods of statistical information processing, general scientific methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, etc.), analysis of the materials provided by Russian regions. Research results: the reasons and specific features of the regional poverty in Russia are determined, considering the multifactorial territorial differentiation; based on the monitoring of regional programs, existing measures to reduce poverty were systematized and classified, and the most promising instruments for reducing poverty were substantiated both in the area of employment and wage policies and in the area of increasing efficiency of social support measures. The scope of application: the results of the analysis and monitoring of regional programs to reduce the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level and the proposals and recommendations formulated on their basis, can be used by federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the Russian regions in the development of poverty reduction mechanisms both at the territorial and federal levels.