Employment and Labor Markets in MICs

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-210
Author(s):  
Rolph Van Der Hoeven
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
International Demand

Fostering (formal) employment has been one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and (until recently) inequality. However various MICs are undergoing, for internal and external reasons, a process of premature de-industrialization. After discussing various interpretations of the informal sector and economy it analyses how economic growth and labor markets in MICs have been evolving in three distinct geographical regions. It points to the need for stronger adoption of managed national and international demand-led growth with the good labor market policies that characterized several of the fast-growing MICs. A productive transformation from commodity production to higher value-added activities is at the heart of the transition and a key factor is the development of domestic innovation capabilities moving up the value chain on a broad enough basis to generate sustained productivity growth that is equally distributed.

Better pensions, better jobs: status and alternatives toward universal pension coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGEL MELGUIZO ◽  
MARIANO BOSCH ◽  
CARMEN PAGES
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Pension Coverage ◽  
Fiscal Space

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the current state of labor markets and pension coverage in a wide sample of Latin America and the Caribbean countries, and proposes a series of possible avenues toward universal coverage, not only as an instrument to fight poverty during old age, but also as part of an agenda for increasing formal employment and productivity growth. We conclude that despite perspectives of low economic growth and reduced fiscal space, the region is going through intense demographic and socio-economic changes, which increase the demand for better jobs and provide a real opportunity for initiating the bold reforms in pensions, labor, and taxes needed to achieve universal coverage.

scholarly journals PERAN INDONESIA DALAM RANTAI NILAI GLOBAL PRODUK ELEKTRONIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Rizki Putri Nurdiati ◽  
Rina Oktaviani ◽  
Sahara Sahara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
Manufacture Sector

Globalization has transformed the structure of industry into global integration of socalled global value chains (GVCs). Some literatures suggest that electronic industry is known as a successful industry in establishing global value chain. Electronic industry is one of leading cluster in driving economic growth in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the role of Indonesia in electronic global value chain according to its share towards global electronic industry, linkages, and value added distribution. An input output analysis by using the Asian International Input Output Table 2005 was employed to analyze the share of each country in electronic global value chain, inter-sector linkages, value added, also output and income multiplier. The result showed that Indonesia had low participation in electronic global value chain. Indonesia’s output share was the lowest among all countries which resulted in low valueadded acquisition. Indonesia played the role as the input user from the various sectors. It is suggested that Indonesia electronic manufacture sector should be integrated with the input supplier sectors. Electronic computing equipment sector can be the main priority in enhancing Indonesia electronic manufacture sector since it has the biggest effect to economic growth. Keywords: electronic, global value chain, Indonesia, input output analysis

The Uganda’s perspective, status and implementation of the National leather value chain Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Michael Kiraye ◽  
Mwinkione Mwinyihija ◽  
William Wanasolo ◽  
Rosemary Nalwanga
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
World Population ◽  
Synthetic Leather ◽  
The World ◽  
Tannery Industry ◽  
Made In

Uganda is transforming her leather value chain to a modern and competitive sub-sector, aiming at production of value-added leather materials and leather products from the abundant raw hides and skins at the slaughter houses and abattoirs. The challenge though is the exportation of about 95% of the wet blue product, which is the only processed leather material for export from Uganda. More still, the quantity of wet blue produced and exported from Uganda stands at 1.08 million pieces from hides and 2.01 million pieces from goats and sheep skins amounting to 17.28 m sq. ft and 7.04m sq. Ft, respectively. In total this translates to about 24.32m sq. ft of finished leather if it was to be processed from within Uganda. Taking an average square foot of 2.5 sq. ft per pair of shoes, then this output would give about 9.73m pairs of leather shoes. Since Uganda needs about 25 m pairs of leather shoes per annum, it implies that there would be a deficit of about 16.88 m pairs of shoes per annum. This deficit has been covered by importing about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes per annum and about 23.5 m pairs of synthetic leather shoes and second-hand shoes combined. Now Uganda exports about 24.32 m sq. ft worth of leather (about 9.73m pairs of shoes) and imports about 0.5 m pairs of leather shoes which is a sixteenth of what is exported. Exportation of unfinished products for processing elsewhere goes with jobs and services as well. For this reason, wet blue product made in Uganda need to be further processed in the country to avail leather and leather products, service like Design Studios, facilities, e.g., incubation centers and jobs. The information about tanneries was obtained by use of a questionnaire in which respondents were tannery industry production managers. In addition, documentary review of the world population on Uganda, Ministry of Trade Industry and Cooperatives (MTIC) abstracts and UBOS census 2014 reports were also used as the source of data. According to the Uganda census 2014, the country’s primary and secondary going children are 10,113,201 students. If for example these students wear leather shoes at 35,000/= per pair per annum then the leather Sector would earn 353bn UGX per annum. This contribution would be about 56 times that which tourism is contributing towards the GDP of Uganda, implying that the leather sector in Uganda, if emphasised could stimulate economic growth of the country.

scholarly journals Strengthening the stability of exports through GVC participation

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Díaz-Mora ◽  
Rosario Gandoy ◽  
Belen Gonzalez-Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Trade Relationships ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Drawing on the literature that has shown the prevalence of short-lived trade relationships, the purpose of this paper is to provide further understanding about this issue by exploring the impact of engaging in Global Value Chains (GVCs) on the chance of export survival at product-country level, paying special attention to the differences between advanced and developing countries. The authors also investigate whether the type of GVC participation (backward or forward) matters for export survival. Design/methodology/approach To capture to what extent a country’s exports are integrated in GVCs, the authors use the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output database to estimate value added incorporated in exports. Through the estimation of a discrete-time duration model, the authors explore the impact of engaging in GVCs on export survival using highly disaggregated trade data from the CEPII’s BACI database. Findings The findings endorse the hypothesis that deeper participation in GVCs is a key factor in explaining stability in trade relationships, mainly for developing countries where the trade flows are especially fragile. The authors also find different effects depending on the type of GVC involvement and on whether the value chain partners are advanced or developing. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by extending the understanding on the factors that promote the stability of exports, including among them, involvement on GVCs (and its forms) which is one of the most relevant factors to explain recent behavior of trade.

scholarly journals The Impact of Global Value Chain Participation on Sectoral Growth and Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4848
Author(s):  
Halit Yanikkaya ◽  
Abdullah Altun
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Parameter Heterogeneity ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of participation in global value chains (GVCs) on sectoral value-added and total factor productivity growth (TFP) for two different time periods of 1995–2011 and 2005–2015. In addition to the commonly used participation indices, we also calculate lesser known measures of backward and forward participation indices, as suggested by the OECD. Our Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations for the full sample indicate that sectors with higher GVC participation experience much higher output and TFP growth, especially for the period 1995–2011. Overall, our results imply that there have been decreasing gains from GVC participation in the later period. Note that our estimates for both output and TFP growth are very much similar. This means that participation in GVCs promotes not only output growth but also productivity growth across sectors. Considering the parameter heterogeneity, we repeat our estimations for manufacturing and services separately. Although for the earlier period both the manufacturing and services sectors benefit from more participation in terms of higher output and productivity growth, only the manufacturing sector experiences higher productivity growth from more participation for the period 2005–2015. Relatively less significant and smaller estimates for the later period covering the latest global crisis imply that participation in GVCs fails to bring satisfactory gains to countries and sectors.

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS (GVCS) AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
ZHUQING MAO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Local Value ◽  
Nonlinear Pattern

This study examines the relationship between economic growth and participation in global value chains (GVCs) and demonstrates that the U-shaped nonlinear pattern of GVCs could be more effective than the simple linear pattern of GVCs in terms of economic growth in high- and middle-income economies. The U-shaped nonlinear pattern expresses that there are decreasing foreign-dominated GVCs (increasing high value-added domestic value chains) for building local value chain and then raise the GVCs participation to benefit at a better position in GVCs. This paper investigates a panel of 63 advanced and emerging economies and obtained significant evidence by using systemic quantitative analysis. This research suggests that emerging markets should decrease foreign-dominated GVCs (increase high value-added domestic value chain) and then raise the participation of the GVC for economic growth.

scholarly journals PERAN INDONESIA DALAM RANTAI NILAI GLOBAL PRODUK ELEKTRONIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Rizki Putri Nurdiati ◽  
Rina Oktaviani ◽  
Sahara Sahara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
Manufacture Sector

Globalization has transformed the structure of industry into global integration of socalled global value chains (GVCs). Some literatures suggest that electronic industry is known as a successful industry in establishing global value chain. Electronic industry is one of leading cluster in driving economic growth in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the role of Indonesia in electronic global value chain according to its share towards global electronic industry, linkages, and value added distribution. An input output analysis by using the Asian International Input Output Table 2005 was employed to analyze the share of each country in electronic global value chain, inter-sector linkages, value added, also output and income multiplier. The result showed that Indonesia had low participation in electronic global value chain. Indonesia’s output share was the lowest among all countries which resulted in low valueadded acquisition. Indonesia played the role as the input user from the various sectors. It is suggested that Indonesia electronic manufacture sector should be integrated with the input supplier sectors. Electronic computing equipment sector can be the main priority in enhancing Indonesia electronic manufacture sector since it has the biggest effect to economic growth. Keywords: electronic, global value chain, Indonesia, input output analysis

scholarly journals THE EFFICIENT USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN RUSSIA IN CONDITIONS OF CATCHING-UP DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
G. Ryazanova ◽  
P. Tolkachev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of labor productivity with other macroeconomic indicators has been analyzed: the level of wages in current prices and taking into account the Paasche deflator index; dynamics of the gross domestic product; the dynamics of the share of food in the consumer basket; the indicators of changes in clean investments, that is a key factor in economic growth in the national economy. On the basis of empirical data, the trends of productivity growth in comparison with the growth of other macroeconomic indicators algebraically and graphically have been shown. It has been concluded, that the development of human resources is necessary, since low productivity is a brake on the economic growth of the country in the conditions of catching-up development.

Economic Contributions of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Food Industries in Florida in 2015

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Hodges ◽  
Mohammad Rahmani ◽  
Christa D. Court
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Business Taxes ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Industry Output ◽  
Property Income ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Industry Sectors

This analysis was conducted using the Implan regional economic modeling system and associated state and county databases (IMPLAN Group LLC) to estimate economic multipliers and contributions for over 500 different industry sectors. Multipliers capture the indirect and induced economic activity generated by re-spending of income or sales revenues in a regional economy. A collection of 121 industry sectors were included in the analysis to represent the broad array of activities encompassed by agricultural and natural-resource commodity production, manufacturing, distribution and supporting services in Florida. Economic contributions can be measured in terms of employment, industry output, value added, exports, labor income, other property income, and business taxes. A glossary of economic terms used in this report is provided following this summary.

Forming Sources of Long-run Growth: How to Understand Them?

2014 ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Idrisov ◽  
S. Sinelnikov-Murylev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Accelerate Growth ◽  
Budget Institutions

The paper analyzes the inconsequence and problems of Russian economic policy to accelerate economic growth. The authors consider three components of growth rate (potential, Russian business cycle and world business cycle components) and conclude that in order to pursue an effective economic policy to accelerate growth, it has to be addressed to the potential (long-run) growth component. The main ingredients of this policy are government spending restructuring and budget institutions reform, labor and capital markets reforms, productivity growth.

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