Climate, Cultivation, and Household Income

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
Camilla Toulmin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Crop Choice ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Rainfall Trends ◽  
Livestock Ownership ◽  
High Level ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Productive Assets

Maps, figures, and tables present data on rainfall trends and distribution in this Sahelian setting, demonstrating the high level of variability within and between years. The pattern of soils, vegetation and water are described and how these provide the basis for the economy of village and household. Land use, crop choice, and livestock ownership are discussed alongside ownership of other productive assets, such as wells, plough-teams, and donkey-carts. Overall production of the main crop, millet, is described and its allocation to a range of purposes, with a picture of how many days of grain are available from the harvest for different households. Household income and expenditure are shown, the principal sources of income, and cash expenditure by category of purpose, such as purchase of livestock, marriage costs and payment of taxes. It is shown that size of income is partly a function of household size, but also the result of special circumstances, such as whether a marriage is in preparation, or a new ox needs to be bought.

scholarly journals Estimation of trip generation rates for residential land use in Uyo, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 972-980
Author(s):  
I.N. Usanga ◽  
R.K. Etim ◽  
V. Umoren
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Trip Generation ◽  
Residential Land ◽  
Residential Land Use ◽  
Cross Classification ◽  
Work Trip

Change in trip rates affects a transportation system and could lead to the redesign of the transport infrastructure in order to satisfy the new demand. This study estimates trip generation rates for residential land use in Uyo using cross classification method. Five (5) residential estates were considered and household survey carried out to collect trip data from 500 households on purpose and mode of travel through household interview and their response recorded in questionnaire. Four independent variables (household size, household income, car ownership, number of employed persons) were used for the study based on the prevailing conditions of theresidential land use. Cross-classification trip rates were developed from the most significant variables; household size, household income and car ownership. The analysis indicated that work trip produced the highest reported trip rates of 29.6% followed by religious trip of 24.7%. Similarly, private car trips contributed 42.8% of trips made by mode of travel as the highest trip. It was found that household size is the strongest socio-economic variable that influence trip generation in residential land use in Uyo. The cross-classification trip rates developed in this study could provide basis for the estimation of trip generation in residential land use in Uyo. Keywords: Trip generation; analysis of variance, ANOVA; cross classification 

scholarly journals Analysis of Flood Vulnerability as a Support to Water Sensitive Urban Design Planning in Klaten Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Desyta Ulfiana ◽  
Yudi Eko Windarto ◽  
Nurhadi Bashit ◽  
Novia Sari Ristianti
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Order Preference ◽  
Water Sensitive Urban Design ◽  
High Flood ◽  
High Level

Klaten Regency is one of the regions that has a high level of flood vulnerability. The area of Klaten Regency which is huge and has diverse characteristics makes it difficult to determine an appropriate flood management model. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a model that focuses on handling water management problems with environmentally friendly infrastructure. Therefore, an analysis is carried out to determine the level of flood vulnerability and factors causing flooding to plan a WSUD design that is suitable for each sub-districts of Klaten Regency. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are used to help the analysis. Aspects used as criteria are rainfall, slope, soil type, geological conditions, and land use. Based on the analysis, it could be concluded that Klaten Regency has two sub-districts with high flood hazard category, 21 sub-districts with medium category, and three sub-districts with low category. Bayat and Cawas are sub-districts that have a high level of flood vulnerability category. Meanwhile, Kemalang, Karangnongko and Polanharjo are districts with a low level of flood vulnerability category. The main factors causing flooding in Klaten Regency are slope and land use.

scholarly journals Цифровізація розвитку міст: Urban Atlas на основі відкритих даних для міст України

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Андрій Юрійович Шелестов ◽  
Алла Миколаївна Лавренюк ◽  
Богдан Ялкапович Яйлимов ◽  
Ганна Олексіївна Яйлимова
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Project Smart ◽  
Unified Algorithm ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Ukraine is an associate member of the European Union and in the coming years it is expected that all data and services already used by EU countries will be available to Ukraine. The lack of quality national products for assessing the development and planning of urban growth makes it impossible to assess the impact of cities on the environment and human health. The first steps to create such products for the cities of Ukraine were initiated within the European project "SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters and city growth" (SMURBS), in which specialists from the Space Research Institute of NAS of Ukraine and SSA of Ukraine received the first city atlas for the Kyiv city, which was similar to the European one. However, the resulting product had significantly fewer types of land use than the European one and therefore the question of improving the developed technology arose. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the existing technology of European service Urban Atlas creation and its improvement by developing a unified algorithm for building an urban atlas using all available open geospatial and satellite data for the cities of Ukraine. The development of such technology is based on our own technology for classifying satellite time series with a spatial resolution of 10 meters to build a land cover map, as well as an algorithm for unifying open geospatial data to urban atlases Copernicus. The technology of construction of the city atlas developed in work, based on the intellectual model of classification of a land cover, can be extended to other cities of Ukraine. In the future, the creation of such a product on the basis of data for different years will allow to assess changes in land use and make a forecast for further urban expansion. The proposed information technology for constructing the city atlas will be useful for assessing the dynamics of urban growth and closely related social and economic indicators of their development. Based on it, it is also possible to assess indicators of achieving the goals of sustainable development, such as 11.3.1 "The ratio of land consumption and population growth." The study shows that the city atlas obtained for the Kyiv city has a high level of quality and has comparable land use classes with European products. It indicates that such a product can be used in government decision-making services.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Households Consumption Expenditure with Nonparametric Regression: The Case of Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Noyan Aydin ◽  
Taner Akmercan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
High Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
R Programming ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between household income and expenditure is important for understanding how the shape of the economic dynamics of the households. In this study, the relationship between household consumption expenditure and household disposable income were analyzed by Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing Regression which is a nonparametric method using R programming. This study aimed to determine relationship between variables directly, unlike making any assumptions are commonly used as in the conventional parametric regression. According to the findings, effect on expenditure with increasing of income and household size together increased rapidly at first, and then speed of increase decreased. This increase can be explained by having greater compulsory consumption expenditure relatively in small households. Besides, expenditure is relatively higher in middle and high income levels according to low income level. However, the change in expenditure is limited in middle and is the most limited in high income levels when household size changes.

What Is Wrong with the Poverty Line

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chim Richard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Line P

Using household income to measure income inequality and define poverty has many flaws. Comparing individuals and households of the same age cohort is far more likely to be meaningful, because it is comparing households with their peers who are at the same stage of their life cycle, have grown up in the same era, and have the same vintage of schooling. Age is the better choice for anchoring the poverty line, not household size.

scholarly journals Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Greenwood ◽  
Nezih Guner ◽  
Georgi Kocharkov ◽  
Cezar Santos
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Positive Assortative Mating ◽  
High Level ◽  
Married Female

Has there been an increase in positive assortative mating? Does assortative mating contribute to household income inequality? Data from the United States Census Bureau suggests there has been a rise in assortative mating. Additionally, assortative mating affects household income inequality. In particular, if matching in 2005 between husbands and wives had been random, instead of the pattern observed in the data, then the Gini coefficient would have fallen from the observed 0.43 to 0.34, so that income inequality would be smaller. Thus, assortative mating is important for income inequality. The high level of married female labor-force participation in 2005 is important for this result.

Effects of urban spatial structure on level of excess commutes: A comparison between Seoul and Los Angeles

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Jin Jun ◽  
Simon Choi ◽  
Frank Wen ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
High Level

This study investigates the effects of the urban spatial structure on the excess commuting rate (ECR) by comparing commuting patterns in two cities having distinctive urban forms, Seoul, Korea and Los Angeles, California, USA. A major difference was found in that commuters working closer to employment centres, or living in single-family detached housing in LA, are likely to have lower ECR, but not in Seoul. Employment suburbanisation, strict zoning separating residence and workplace and single-family housing-dominant low-density suburbs in LA are regarded as the reasons for their lower ECRs, which, by definition, imply relatively shorter actual commute duration and/or longer minimum time. Seoul can learn a lesson from LA for employment decentralisation in order to reduce actual commute time, while land use patterns in Seoul such as high level of mixed land use and compact development can provide policy implications for LA for improving commuters’ accessibility and reducing minimum time.

Determining the factors affecting the consumers' willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1188-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Gokalp Goktolga ◽  
Kemal Esengun
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Monthly Household Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Conducting Research

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the factors affecting the consumers' willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products.Design/methodology/approachTomato was selected as a model crop. Data used in this study were gathered from questionnaires conducted in Tokat province of Turkey in April 2006. Questionnaires were accomplished via face‐to‐face interviews over 262 households. “Ordered logit model” was used in determining the factors that affect the willingness of consumers for higher prices for genetically unmodified products. Ordered models are those that limit dependent variables to certain intervals. According to the results, variables of household size, monthly household income, household's monthly food consumption expenditure and level of consumers' sensitivity over the issue affected the willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products.FindingsResults of the study indicated that household size and monthly household income had negative effects on the willingness to pay extra, while monthly food expenditure and concern had positive effects.Originality/valueThe results of the study will be beneficial for the policy makers, producers, consumers and those conducting research in this area alike. Carrying out studies aimed at determining consumer preference, such as this, will help form consumer consciousness, especially in Turkey, to protect consumer health.

Issues of Social and Economic Development of Siberian Village of the Early XX Century in Works of V.G. Tyukavkin

10.12737/6230 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Иванцова ◽  
N. Ivantsova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The article analyzes the early works of famous Professor V.G. Tyukavkin. In particular, it reveals issues of research methodology, presents the conceptual vision of the problems of social and economic development of Siberian village of the early twentieth century. V.G. Tyukavkin was a supporter of the theory of a sufficiently high level of development of productive forces in agriculture of Siberia. Analyzing the questions of land tenure, land use, farming systems, cooperation, differentiation of the Siberian peasantry, he within the dominant methodology concludes that the region ripe for revolution. The article at the same time shows impartiality of the researcher, who, despite existing views, studied a vast array of dataand showed that Siberia had been turned into a granary of Russia demonstrating high performance and European quality (and oftensurpassed it, i.e. in oil production). The author for the first time in Soviet historiography raised the question of new forms of the organization of peasant production in Siberia – cooperation.

An Inquiry into Remittances and Income Smoothing

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289
Author(s):  
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes ◽  
Susan Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Income Smoothing ◽  
Income Volatility ◽  
Substantial Fraction ◽  
Elderly Household ◽  
Household Members

AbstractWhile we uncover evidence that remittances smooth household income, for a substantial fraction of household we find that remittance instead increase income volatility. We also explore the determinants of income volatility for all households. We find that in some cases, the determinants of household income volatility are the same for remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households, as for example with respect to the number of young children in the household, the educational attainment of household members and the location of the household. In other cases, determinants like the gender of the household head, the number of elderly household members and household size impact remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households differently.

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