Defining the Product

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-99
Author(s):  
Yaara Benger Alaluf
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Emotion Knowledge ◽  
Leisure Class ◽  
Seaside Resort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores how the objectives of the nascent holiday resort industry transformed in relation to dynamics of health, pleasure, and social class. It analyses the process of defining holiday as a product by drawing on source material from the different actors in the resort economy, including internal documents of the local corporations, resort publications, travel guides, railway advertising, vacationers’ accounts, and medical literature referring directly to holiday practices. It shows that the emotionally loaded encounter between different social classes at the resort was a core aspect of the shifting practices of holidaymaking from ‘taking the waters’ to commercial amusements, or from health to recreation. In order to comprehend these transformations, the chapter focuses on three watering-places that were among the most popular holiday destinations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, but which differed in their characteristics: Harrogate—an aristocratic inland spa; Scarborough—a spa and seaside resort with mixed social clientele; and Blackpool—the exemplary working-class seaside town. The chapter concludes by pointing to the impact of the therapeutic rationalization of recreational activities on the resort industry, arguing that the notions of health and pleasure in the history of holidaymaking should not be addressed as opposites, but as interrelated concepts defined and valued within a wider context, namely the relation between leisure, class, gender, scientific expertise, and emotion knowledge.

scholarly journals A imprensa operária e a História da Educação: uma análise das contribuições dos jornais O Labor e O Confederal para a História da Educação nos anos iniciais de Belo Horizonte

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Renata Garcia Campos Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Education History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Educational Field

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a importância da utilização de impressos operários enquanto fonte para as pesquisas em história da educação, analisando alguns debates e ideias educacionais presentes em dois jornais operários de origem associativa: O Labor, da Confederação Auxiliadora dos Operários, e O Confederal, do Centro Confederativo dos Operários. As associações responsáveis pelos periódicos foram constituídas nos primeiros anos de existência de Belo Horizonte, cidade construída para sediar a nova capital do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os impressos operários, por sua vez, são entendidos em suas particularidades tendo-se em vista as suas características, os quais divulgavam algumas ideias e debates, como os referentes ao campo educacional. A partir da análise dos jornais foi apurada a existência de demandas e propostas por educação para todas as classes sociais, visto que o ensino em Belo Horizonte não era ofertado a todos, ou se era oferecido, não alcançava as classes sociais menos favorecidas.The working class press and the History of Education: an analysis of the contributions of the newspapers The Labor and The Confederal to the History of Education in the initial years of Belo Horizonte. This article aims to discuss the importance of the use of working class press as a source for research in the history of education, analyzing some debates and educational ideas present in two workers' newspapers of associative origin: The Labor, of the Auxiliary Confederation of Workers, and The Confederal, of the Confederative Center for Workers. The associations responsible for the periodicals were constituted in the first years of existence of Belo Horizonte, city built to host the new capital of the State of Minas Gerais. The working class periodicals, in turn, are understood in their particularities in view of their characteristics, which disseminated some ideas and debates, such as those concerning the educational field. From the analysis of the newspapers, the existence of demands and proposals for education for all social classes was verified, whereas the education in Belo Horizonte was not offered to all, or if it was offered, it did not reach the less favored social classes. Keywords: Workers associations; Belo Horizonte; Education; History of education; Working class press.

“Tangled Passions”: Realism and Lyricism in the Plays of Peter Gill

Modern Drama ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-457
Author(s):  
William McEvoy
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
History Of ◽  
Class Representation ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article argues that the work of Welsh theatre director and playwright Peter Gill occupies a unique place in post-1960s’ British playwriting. It explores Gill’s plays as – using theatre critic Susannah Clapp’s phrase – the “missing link” between kitchen-sink realism and more self-consciously poetic forms of theatre text. Gill’s plays make an important contribution to the history of working-class representation in UK theatre for three main reasons: first, the centrality he gives to Wales, Welsh working-class characters, and the city of Cardiff; second, his emphasis on the experience of women, especially mothers; and third, his focus on young male characters expressing and exploring the complexities of same-sex desire. The plays make advances in terms of realist dialogue and structure while also experimenting with layout, repetition, fragmentation, poetic description, and monologue narration. Gill’s work realistically documents the impact of poverty, cramped housing conditions, and social deprivation on his characters as part of a political project to show the lives of Welsh working-class people on stage. While doing so, Gill innovates in his handling of time, perspective, viewpoint, and genre. His plays occupy a distinctive place in the history of British, working-class, gay theatre, helping us to rethink what each of these three key terms means.

scholarly journals Treating Museum Objects as Text: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Kirsten Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Medical Instrument ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Material Evidence

Medical instrument collections are neglected primary source material that can be used to produce original scholarship on thehistory of medicine and the history of optometry. Opening museum collections and associated archives to researchers allowscollections managers to simultaneously address curatorial backlogs, facilitate research, and provide a foundation for craftingpublic-facing exhibits. In order to add to the historiography, research should not only focus on the technical aspects of theinstruments, but also employ theory to examine of the meaning of the objects in context. In this way, objects can be a vehicle forunderstanding broader themes in the history of medicine and reveal their utility as material evidence of the impact of medicineon society and culture. This two-part article includes a historiography of ophthalmic instruments and a case study in which an assemblage of ophthalmometers in the Archives & Museum of Optometry collection are treated as “text” to explore the nature of power in the doctor-patient relationship in early optometry.

scholarly journals Middle Class Rebellion through the Main Characters in Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Andhika Pratiwi ◽  
Ria Herwandar
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Chuck Palahniuk ◽  
Fight Club

<p><em>Abstract - </em><strong>This research entitled “Middle Class Rebellion through the Main Characters in Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club” analyses the portrayal of the Middle Classes which is depicted through the main characters. These characters are undertaking a Rebellion towards the system of Capitalism that is depicted in the novel Fight Club. The theory used in this research is the theory of the intrinsic element of Characterization by M.H. Abrams and the theory Capitalism by Karl Marx which includes the theory of Alienation and the Struggle of Social Classes. This research focuses on the portrayal of how Middle Classes undertake their Rebellion which is depicted through the main characters in the novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk. This research has found that the two main characters are a depiction of the Middle Class and the Working Class. They rebel against Capitalism by doing small acts of vandalism which escalates into blackmail. The findings are that the real characteristics of modern society of the middle class can be seen  such as consumerism, restless life towards insomnia and workers who identify themselves as not workers.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong><em>Middle Class, Rebellion, Social Class, Marxism, Capitalism</em></p>

The Workers in the Workers' Educational Association, 1903–1950

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rose
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Adult Classes ◽  
The Impact

The history of British continuing education has been written almost entirely as institutional history. The impact of the 1924 Board of Education regulations on the funding of adult classes has been thoroughly examined, and we know a good deal about the various district secretaries of the Workers' Educational Association. But we have yet to tackle a set of more fundamental and revealing questions about the WEA: Who were the students? Why did they enroll in WEA courses? What were their intellectual goals? What cultural equipment did they bring to their classes? What went on inside the classroom? Most importantly, how, if at all, did the WEA change the lives and minds of its students?This article focuses on a controversy that erupted shortly after the WEA was launched in 1903, and which persists today: a question that can only be resolved by studying WEA students at close range. According to a number of Marxist critics, the WEA played an important role in steering the British working class away from Marxism. Roger Fieldhouse argues that the WEA'S emphasis on objective scholarship and open-mindedness “could have the effect of neutralising some students' commitments or beliefs and integrating them into the hegemonic national culture.”

“You’re Supposed to Help Me”: The Perils of Mass Counseling Norms for Working-Class Black Students

2016 ◽  
pp. 004208591665217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Jones Gast
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Black Students ◽  
College Counseling ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Class Background ◽  
The Impact

How do educators reconcile the growing college-for-all norm—the notion that all students should pursue college—with the diverse needs of students in urban settings? What is the impact on Black students across social-class background? Using interviews and fieldwork with teachers, counselors, and diverse Black students in a large Californian high school, I examine college-counseling norms under a social capital framework. With high caseloads, I find that educators support mass outreach and vague encouragements for 4-year colleges. Ultimately, my findings problematize one-size-fits-all counseling norms and highlight the need for more targeted counseling for urban and working-class Black students.

Making Blanket Statements: Rethinking the History and Politics of American Social Class

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-286
Author(s):  
ANDREW SEAL
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
American History ◽  
White People ◽  
White Trash ◽  
History Of ◽  
White Working Class

In Joan C. Williams's White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America and Nancy Isenberg's White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America, the reader will find a nation riven by abiding class prejudice. Both have written explicitly with the goal of forcing readers to confront the deep, ugly, and ultimately destructive effects of elite snobbery towards working-class or impoverished white people. They both believe that educated readers tend to minimize or ignore how much class matters and has mattered in American history and to deny their own class biases; these books are meant to make that denial harder to sustain.

scholarly journals Aspirational lifestyle journalism: The impact of social class on producers’ and audiences’ views in the context of socio-economic inequality

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492095682
Author(s):  
Sandra Banjac ◽  
Folker Hanusch
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Role Conceptions ◽  
Cultural Intermediaries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

A growing amount of scholarship on lifestyle journalism and role conceptions has shown its relevance in the context of consumption cultures and societal changes. However, the existing literature has tended to focus on countries with relatively prosperous economies, neglecting to explore those with greater socio-economic inequality. Likewise, scholarship has offered some insight into what audiences expect of political journalists, but we know little about expectations of lifestyle journalism. Exploring role conceptions and expectations in socio-economically unequal societies gives rise to the question: How may social class shape these? To examine this, our study draws on 22 in-depth interviews with lifestyle journalists and three focus groups with audiences from different class backgrounds in South Africa. Findings suggest that lifestyle journalists’ awareness of class disparity and the country’s history of racial segregation and oppression shapes their roles in three ways. First, journalists expressed strong support for roles typically associated with political journalism, albeit interconnected with lifestyle roles. Second, journalists acted as ‘ responsible’ cultural intermediaries, mediating the worlds of luxury and inequality. Third, journalists expressed a strong role orientation toward providing aspiration, as did audience expectations, indicating a level of congruence. Applying a Bourdieusian framework, we argue that lifestyle journalism allows audiences who live under ‘conditions of scarcity’ and who have been conceptualized as having a ‘taste of necessity’, to perform a ‘ taste of aspiration’. We suggest a need to reconceptualize scholarship’s approach to studying journalistic roles by moving beyond a politics-lifestyle binary, and to more closely examine the role of aspiration in lifestyle journalism.

A Detailed Examination of the Role of Education in Intergenerational Social-class Mobility

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman G. van de Werfhorst
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Fields Of Study

This article analyses the role of education, particularly fields of study, in intergenerational class mobility in the Netherlands. In highly educated societies, children of all social classes need to invest in education to avoid downward mobility. We argue that members of the various social classes aim primarily for class maintenance, and apply educational strategies to realize this aim. Children of manual working-class families tend to prefer technical fields of study, in order to reach at least their parents' social class or probably even higher. Children of the self-employed or of small employers need financial and commercial skills to be able to take over the business. Children from farming backgrounds benefit from agricultural training in getting to work on a farm themselves. These strategies equip them with valuable types of skills and knowledge, even if they drop out of school early. Children of service-class origins tend to opt for general types of training at secondary school, and prestigious fields like law and medicine in tertiary education. Empirical results of analyses on two Dutch nationally representative surveys (N = 1566 men) generally support these claims. Because of these rather conservative strategies, relatively low mobility rates are found, which impedes upward mobility of working-class children.

Social Class and Cultural Consumption: The Impact of Modernisation in a Comparative European Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gerhards ◽  
Silke Hans ◽  
Michael Mutz
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Cultural Consumption ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pierre Bourdieu’s work has argued that there is a homology of social classes on the one hand and cultural consumption on the other. In contrast, theories of individualisation posit that social class plays only a minor role in shaping lifestyle in contemporary societies. In this paper we examine a) how much contemporary highbrow lifestyles in 27 European countries are structured by class membership, b) the extent to which highbrow consumption varies according to the level of modernisation of a society and c) whether the explanatory power of social class in relation to highbrow consumption decreases in more modernised European countries. The findings show that highbrow lifestyles are strongly influenced by social class, and that highbrow consumption is more common in more modernised societies. Moreover, the findings confirm the hypothesis that the formative power of social class on lifestyle decreases in highly modernised societies, albeit without disappearing completely.

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