The Design of Social Policy and Welfare Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-159
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
Public Spending ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Tax Expenditures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Cost

Most advanced countries over the past eight decades have created various social programs which have become fully-fledged welfare systems. Many countries developed means-tested programs aimed at assisting specific “deserving” individuals and families. Some accompanied these programs with “tax expenditures” designed to reduce the cost of buying particular “meritorious” goods and services. Other countries focused more on providing universal programs aimed at and available to everyone and also tried to avoid the use of tax expenditures, utilizing more broad-based taxes that could finance their higher public spending. The former group (mostly Anglo-Saxon countries) ended up with lower spending and tax levels but with more complicated systems. The other group (Scandinavian and some other European countries) ended up with higher spending and tax levels but with simpler systems. For these latter countries, high taxes and spending programs do not seem to have been the “road to serfdom” or to have led to the economic stagnation predicted.

VIII.—Roman Roads and the Distribution of Saxon Churches in London

Archaeologia ◽  
1917 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 229-262
Author(s):  
Reginald A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Main Line ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
The Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

The two centuries after the official withdrawal of the Romans from Britain are almost a blank in the history of the capital, and it is only fitting that the Society of Antiquaries of-London should discuss any new evidence of the city's condition during that period of transition. The picture has indeed been painted by a master-hand, but even John Richard Green's arguments are weakened by certain inconsistencies, and archaeology may be called in to give precision and completeness to his plan of Anglo-Saxon London. ‘That this early London’, he writes, ‘grew up on ground from which the Roman city had practically disappeared may be inferred from the change in the main line of communication which passed through the heart of each. This was the road which led from Newgate to the Bridge. In Roman London this seems to have struck through the city in a direct line from Newgate to a bridge in the neighbourhood of the present Budge Row. Of this road the two extremities survived in English London, one from the gate to the precincts of St. Paul, the other in the present Budge Row. But between these points all trace of it is lost’ For the Roman road shown in his map as crossing the Walbrook at Budge Row there is indeed more warrant than he was aware of. The road has been actually found near its middle point, and the Saxon churches along it suggest that it had not been obliterated in the centuries before the Norman Conquest.

Identifikasi Dini Kerusakan Jalan Flexible Pavement Dengan Menggunakan Algoritma PCA

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhi Kusnadi ◽  
Ranny Ranny
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
The Road ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pca Algorithm

Identifikasi of road damage and how to handle early is important so that the use of the road remains optimally. The delay in the repair process will exacerbate the damage to the road itself, and will certainly increase the cost of repairs. PCA algorithm was chosen because it is a technique that is commonly used to draw the features of the data on a high-dimensional scale. While the input of the system that is built in the form of a digital image of the damaged roads, has a relatively large dimensions to be used directly by the algorithm of pattern recognition, such as neural networks. Research results obtained this type of cracking cracked 67% and cracking the other 33%. This can be caused by a few things, namely the shooting process is not perfect, as the distance is too far, the less light, the edge detection process less well due to the method used is not appropriate. Index Terms—road damage, PCA, cracking, image, egde detection

scholarly journals Implementing LED Strips on Road Dividers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Dr. A. C. Sountharraj
Keyword(s):  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Sound Detection ◽  
On The Road ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
System Today

Abstract: Every country suffers from a traffic problem. The reason behind this is not only overpopulation but also heavy vehicles on the road too. The Motive of this paper is to give a better idea to control the traffic and reduce the cost for this working. Using sensors, LED strips, and Rechargeable batteries is enough to implement this system. Today only by hearing the sound of the Ambulance the drivers on the road can leave a way for the Ambulance. It is one of the main reasons why the Ambulance Couldn’t reach on time. The second thing is that heavy vehicles occupy more space on the road. Each road will have at least twolane on both sides. By placing these LED strips in the middle of the road, it could be helpful for the other drivers to leave the way for the Ambulance to come. By implementing this system, we can save time, money, and the valuable life of human beings. Keywords: Sound detection sensor, LED strips, Rechargeable batteries.

scholarly journals A critical assessment of generational accounting and its contribution to the generational equity debate

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Williamson ◽  
Anna Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Public Spending ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Generational Accounting ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Generational Equity ◽  
Deficit Reduction ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Intragenerational Equity ◽  
The Cost

This article describes generational accounting (GA) with a focus on what it brings to the broader literature on generational equity. Our assessment suggests that the GA model has its limitations but is potentially useful in the hands of analysts who are familiar with both the strengths and limitations of the model. It is most useful when the focus is on dealing with intergenerational equity, but it is much less useful when the focus is on issues related to class, race, and other forms intragenerational equity. We conclude that when GA models are used to support calls for retrenchment of public spending on pensions and other social programs that target the older population, it makes sense to recognize that the potential benefits with respect to government debt and deficit reduction and reduced inequality in net tax burdens across age cohorts may come at the cost of increased intragenerational inequality for many workers and retirees.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness of Performance Based Contract for National Road Improvement and Maintenance Projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Andhika Ajengtyas Setorini ◽  
Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko ◽  
Bagus Hario Setiadji
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Road Condition ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Road

As an effort to maintain and improve its national road condition with a strict budget, the Government of Indonesia has implemented various types of contract in road maintenance. One of the road maintenance contract, i.e. performanced based contract (PBC), allows the contractor to design, build, and maintain the road and use performance measures as payment requirement. While many researches state that the PBC implementation on road maintenance may lead to cost efficiency, in Indonesia the cost efficiency is still questionable. This research is trying to answer the question by comparing actual road maintenance cost of two roads with same characteristics, while one is PBC and the other is traditional contract. The result shows that in one case PBC is cheaper than traditional contract, while the other case shows the opposite.

Experiment role in the world music (based on the «The Road» album of the Ukrainian «Dakha Brakha» band)

2018 ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Iia Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
World Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Music ◽  
Musical Practice ◽  
The Road ◽  
Music Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
Musical Practices

The main objective of this study is the substantiation of experiment as one of the key features of the world music in Ukraine. Based on the creative works of the brightest world music representatives in Ukraine, «Dakha Brakha» band, the experiment is regarded as a kind of creative setting. Methodology and scientific approaches. The methodology was based on the music practice theory by T. Cherednychenko. The author distinguishes four binary oppositions, which can describe the musical practice. According to one of these oppositions («observance of the canon or violation of the canon»), the musical practices, to which the Ukrainian musicology usually classifies the world music («folk music» and «minstrel music»), are compared with the creative work of «Dakha Brakha» band. Study findings. A lack of the setting to experiment in the musical practices of the «folk music» and «minstrel music» separates the world music musical practice from them. Therefore, the world music is a separate type of musical practice in which the experiment is crucial. The study analyzed several scientific articles of Ukrainian musicologists on the world music; examined the history of the Ukrainian «Dakha Brakha» band; presented a list of the folk songs used in the fifth album «The Road» by «Dakha Brakha» band; and showed the degree of the source transformation by musicians based on the example of the «Monk» song. The study findings can be used to form a comprehensive understanding of the world music musical practice. The further studies may be related to clarification of the other parameters of the world music musical practice, and to determination of the experiment role in creative works of the other world music representatives, both Ukrainian and foreign. The practical study value is the ability to use its key provisions in the course of modern music in higher artistic schools of Ukraine. Originality / value. So far, the Ukrainian musicology did not consider the experiment role as the key one in the world music.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

CREATING WALKING LED TRANSIT STATIONS FOR WOMEN IN MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yong Adilah Shamsul Harumain ◽  
Nur Farhana Azmi ◽  
Suhaini Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Female User

Transit stations are generally well known as nodes of spaces where percentage of people walking are relatively high. The issue is do more planning is actually given to create walkability. Creating walking led transit stations involves planning of walking distance, providing facilities like pathways, toilets, seating and lighting. On the other hand, creating walking led transit station for women uncover a new epitome. Walking becomes one of the most important forms of mobility for women in developing countries nowadays. Encouraging women to use public transportation is not just about another effort to promote the use of public transportation but also another great endeavour to reduce numbers of traffic on the road. This also means, creating an effort to control accidents rate, reducing carbon emission, improving health and eventually, developing the quality of life. Hence, in this paper, we sought first to find out the factors that motivate women to walk at transit stations in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey with 562 female user of Light Railway Transit (LRT) was conducted at LRT stations along Kelana Jaya Line. Both built and non-built environment characteristics, particularly distance, safety and facilities were found as factors that are consistently associated with women walkability. With these findings, the paper highlights the criteria  which are needed to create and make betterment of transit stations not just for women but also for walkability in general.

scholarly journals Black Hole Algorithm for Sustainable Design of Counterfort Retaining Walls

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Yepes ◽  
José V. Martí ◽  
José García
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Construction Company ◽  
Geometric Variables ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Black Hole Algorithm

The optimization of the cost and CO 2 emissions in earth-retaining walls is of relevance, since these structures are often used in civil engineering. The optimization of costs is essential for the competitiveness of the construction company, and the optimization of emissions is relevant in the environmental impact of construction. To address the optimization, black hole metaheuristics were used, along with a discretization mechanism based on min–max normalization. The stability of the algorithm was evaluated with respect to the solutions obtained; the steel and concrete values obtained in both optimizations were analyzed. Additionally, the geometric variables of the structure were compared. Finally, the results obtained were compared with another algorithm that solved the problem. The results show that there is a trade-off between the use of steel and concrete. The solutions that minimize CO 2 emissions prefer the use of concrete instead of those that optimize the cost. On the other hand, when comparing the geometric variables, it is seen that most remain similar in both optimizations except for the distance between buttresses. When comparing with another algorithm, the results show a good performance in optimization using the black hole algorithm.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document