Debating Education

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Brighouse ◽  
David Schmidtz
Keyword(s):  
Policy Reform ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Market Driven ◽  
The Ideal

Debating Education puts two leading scholars in conversation with each other on the subject of education—specifically, what role, if any, markets should play in policy reform. Each advances nuanced arguments and responds to the other, presenting contrasting views on education as a public good. One author argues on behalf of a market-driven approach, making the case that educational opportunities do not need to be equal in order to be good. The ideal of education is not equally preparing students to win a race but maximally preparing each student to make a contribution. The other focuses on inequality, particularly the unequal distribution of rewards. The argument is that justice requires prioritizing the prospects of the bottom 30 percent of the population, whose life prospects are much worse than justice would demand, given the current wealth of society. The moral imperative of education should be to improve this group’s range of opportunities. This part of the book expresses serious skepticism that market mechanisms are capable of this task, due to imperfections in educational markets, a lack of appropriate regulations, political influence, and other systemic obstacles.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Barry Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Ideal

One school fixed its attention upon the importance of the subject-matter of the curriculum as compared with the contents of the child’s own experience. Not so, says the other school. The child is the starting point, the center, and the end. His development, his growth, is the ideal. Not knowledge, but self-realization is the goal....

scholarly journals The Arab-Israel Conflict

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Dowty
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Ideal

The sheer volume of literature on the Arab-Israel conflict is enormous. Most of these writings are, however, contentious, if not polemical; scholarly research occupies only one wing of the edifice. But even this scholarly literature is vast, and it tends to be identified, for the most part, with one side or the other. This does not mean that research conducted by “involved” parties can be reflexively set aside. Such research can be valuable, sometimes precisely because of this involvement—but the reader needs to be aware of the scholar’s relationship to the subject of the research. The ideal of a truly disinterested, unaffiliated, “objective” adjudicator of Arab-Israel issues is not irrelevant, but it is an ideal that is met, if at all, only by a small proportion of the prominent scholars who have contributed the most-important works in the field. Without the “involved” scholars, there would be little for a bibliographer to report. A second issue is an imbalance arising from the greater number of scholarly works on the conflict coming from Israeli and Jewish academic researchers compared to the number written by Palestinian or Arab scholars (at least regarding books in English). In part this imbalance has lessened in recent years with more Palestinian academic works, and from the appearance of “post-Zionist” or “revisionist” Israeli or Jewish scholars who have published studies highly—even devastatingly—critical of the standard Israeli narrative. (“Revisionism” in this context should be distinguished from Revisionist Zionism, which is, in fact, at the other end of the spectrum.) Post-Zionists tend to fall into two schools: positivists, who simply use primary sources and declassified documents to debunk founding myths that have seldom been challenged; and “post-modernists” or “deconstructionists,” who see academic research as a manifestation of a power relationship and identify the Palestinians as the oppressed party. The conclusions of the second group, in particular, are often quite supportive of the conclusions of Palestinian and Arab scholars who work from the same premise. Apart from these differing approaches, scholarship on the conflict also corresponds in large part to the historical stages of its evolution: the Ottoman period, both before and after the beginning of Zionist settlement in 1882; the British Mandate between the two world wars; the interstate conflict phase from Israel’s creation in 1948 to the 1967 war; the reemergence of the Palestinians in the 1970s and 1980s; and the rise and fall of the Oslo peace process since the early 1990s.

O MÉTODO DIALÉTICO DE MARX: INVESTIGAÇÃO E EXPOSIÇÃO CRÍTICA DO OBJETO

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (120) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo F. Chagas
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rational Explanation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

O artigo mostra a trajetória do pensamento de Marx sob a perspectiva do método na sua determinação dupla, investigação e exposição, enquanto processo de apropriação e explicitação crítico-racional da imanência do próprio objeto pelo sujeito. O método dialético de Marx enquanto método de investigação e de exposição distingue, sem separar, esses dois momentos, pressupondo que o objeto só pode ser exposto depois de ser investigado, analisado, criticamente em suas determinações essenciais. Por isso, tal método constitui uma oposição ao positivismo acrítico, próprio da economia clássica moderna, que toma o objeto como uma imediatidade factual, dada, sem a mediação do pensamento, assumindo e ratificando a positividade do fato, e ao idealismo acrítico, típico da especulação e da dialética hegeliana, que tem o objeto como resultado de uma construção abstrata do pensamento que sintetiza tudo em si e se movimenta a partir de si mesmo, sendo, por isso, incapazes de realizar uma investigação sistemática da “lógica”, da “racionalidade”, imanente ao próprio real e uma exposição crítica desse real, reconstruindo, no plano ideal, a totalidade do movimento istemático do próprio real.Abstract: The article presents the trajectory of Marx’s thought under the perspective of the method in its double determination, i.e. research and exposition, seen as a process of appropriation and of critical rational explanation of the object’s immanence by the subject. Marx’s dialectical method, in its investigative and expositional nature, distinguishes these two moments without separating them, presupposing that the object can only be presented after being critically investigated, according to its essential determinations. Therefore, such a method is, on the one hand, opposed to acritical positivism, which is so characteristic of modern classical economics and takes the object as a factual immediate entity devoid of mediating thought, assuming and confirming the positivity of the fact, and, on the other hand, to acritical idealism, which is typical of Hegel’s speculation and dialectic which takes the object as a result of an abstract construction of thought that synthethizes everything in itself and moves by its own means. These two kinds of explanation are therefore incapable of performing both a systematic investigation of the “logics” and “rationality”, immanent to reality itself, and a critical exposition of this reality, reconstructing in the ideal plan the totality of the systematic movement of reality itself. 

scholarly journals Remarks on the employment of oblique riders, and on other alterations in the construction of ships. Being the substance of a report pre­sented to the board of admiralty; with additional demonstrations and illustrations

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 498-500
Keyword(s):  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Vertical Strain ◽  
Lateral Curvature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Contrary Direction

Dr. Young observes, that the question respecting the best dispo­sition of the timbers of a ship is by no means so easily discussed as may be supposed by those who have considered the subject but su­perficially; and deprecates, on the one hand, the forming a hasty determination from a few plausible experiments, as only tending to expose those who are influenced by it to very dangerous errors; and, on the other, the total rejection of the conclusions formed from such experiments without a minute examination of the objections brought against them. He enters into a detailed enumeration of all the force that can act on the fabric of a ship, and into an exact calculation o the probable magnitude of each in such circumstances as are likely to occur; and afterwards considers how far the resistances to be op­posed to those forces are sufficient to withstand their action. The strains which occasion the effect of arching are, he observes, of two kinds; the one derived from the distribution of the weight of the ship, with its contents being not duly proportioned to the pressure of the water; the other, which has not hitherto been noticed, from the simple and unavoidable application of the longitudinal pressure of the water to the lower parts of the ship only, amounting to more than one third as much as the former, in the case of a seventy-four gun ship of the usual dimensions, being equivalent to the effect of a weight of about 1000 tons, acting on a lever one foot in length, while the strain arising from the unequal distribution of the weight, and the displacement, amounts, where it is greatest, to 2600, although it is somewhat less than this exactly in the middle of the vessel. The next force investigated by the author is that of the waves, which he considers as including the consequences of the effect of the wind; and this he finds capable of becoming much greater than the former, amounting, in particular cases of the effect of a series of waves, to a strain of about 10,000 tons, and their difference more than 6000 when the waves are in a contrary direction. Hence it is inferred, that although these occasional strains exceed in magnitude the per­ manent causes of arching, they do not by any means make it super­ fluous to give the greatest strength to the fabric in the direction which is best calculated for the prevention of that effect. It is also remarked, that when fastenings have once given way to an oc­casional force of this land, the ship must naturally assume the form which is determined by the operation of more permanent causes; and this circumstance may lead the inattentive observer to false con­clusions respecting the manner in which the injury has been sustain­ed. The tendency to breaking transversely arises from causes pre­cisely similar to those which have been mentioned as operating longitudinally; but their precise magnitude does not appear to be easily calculable. The force tending to produce a lateral curvature has com­monly been in some measure neglected, for want of a permanent strain in a similar direction, capable of exhibiting its effects; but Dr. Young estimates its magnitude, in certain cases of waves striking a ship obliquely, to be nearly or fully equal to that of the vertical strain, as already computed. The manner in which a ship gives way when she strikes the ground is next described; and the effects of partial moisture in promoting decay are mentioned as the last of the evils which it is the object of the builder to obviate, as far as it is in his power. Dr. Young proceeds to consider the arrangements that are best adapted to obviate the various strains which are likely to occur in the fabric of a ship, and observes, that the principal, if not the only, ad­vantage of oblique timbers is in the additional stiffness which they afford; since the ultimate strength, or the resistance at the point of breaking, is little, if at all, affected by them in the cases which have been proposed for experimental examples, though, in some other cases, the strength as well as the stiffness may be surprisingly in­creased by the obliquity of the substances employed.

The Relations of the Leaders and Participants of the Right Monarchic Salons with Father John of Kronshtadt

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 502-507
Author(s):  
Dmitry I. Stogov
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Lively Discussion ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The life and work of Saint John of Kronshtadt attracts more and more attention of modern researchers. Despite the fact that many scientific works have been published to date, in one way or another related to the life and work of John of Kronshtadt, and the existence of various right-wing salons and groups, however, the problem of the relationship between salons and the «all-Russian pastor» remains poorly researched. At the same time, it seems very relevant, because it characterizes one of the most important aspects of the activity of John of Kronshtadt – his interaction with unofficial political structures (salons) of the monarchical orientation. Analyzing the historical sources, we come to the conclusion that John of Kronshtadt personally visited some right-monarchic salons (in particular, the salon of Countess S. S. Ignatieva). His work was highly appreciated by the leaders and participants of the salons and received their full support. The activities of John of Kronshtadt were discussed and evaluated at the salon meetings one way or another, his initiatives were supported in various forms, and mechanisms to support the “All-Russian Pastor” were worked out, whereas later, after his death, those mechanisms served to memorialize him. At the same time, some salon patrons tried to use the authority of the “All-Russian Pastor” to exert political influence on the Imperial power. On the other hand, stories of the activities of the leaders and participants of the right-monarchical salons and John of Kronshtadt became the subject of lively discussion on the pages of the liberal periodicals, sometimes interspersed with unlikely rumors and gossip.

The ARCIC Dialogue and the Perception of Authority

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACTFor more than twenty years the subject of authority has been in the forefront of discussions in the Anglican Communion and in ecumenical conversations. Authority in the Church was treated by the first Anglican Roman Catholic Commission. Both Communions recognized convergence in the Commission's reports but asked for further work. The most recent report, The Gift of Authority, is still being studied. It contains sharp challenges to both churches about their own exercise of authority. It is one thing to agree ideal statements about authority. It is quite another to move into visible unity with another church whose exercise of authority appears at odds with the ideal. If the two Communions can respond to these challenges then the suspicions that each has of the other will be alleviated and the move to visible unity made more possible. This article examines the content of the ARCIC reports and the challenges put to both Communions, arguing that there is much at stake in this conversation both for the internal life of the two Communions as well as for a life of communion in the future.

Deferred Arithmetic

1938 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
Leo J. Breuckner
Keyword(s):  
Learning Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computational Aspect ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Number Facts ◽  
The Ideal

In this discussion I wish to differentiate between two aspects of the content of the arithmetic curriculum. One aspect may be designated as social arithmetic, which includes those learning experiences whose primary purpose it is to help the pupils to understand the functions and applications of numbers in the affairs of their daily lives and in activities of the community. In these activities the emphasis is on adding meaning and significance to is on adding meaning and significance to experience rather than on teaching pupils how to manipulate number processes. The other aspect of arithmetic may be designated as computational arithmetic. In this work the primary purpose is to present the number facts and processes in a systematic way for the purpose of developing skill in computation and number manipulation. In the ideal program these two aspects of arithmetic, the social and the computational, should supplement each other. However, it is commonly recognized today that in the past the tendency has clearly been to over-emphasize the formal computational aspect of the subject and to place relatively little stress on the social-informational functions of the subject.

scholarly journals The Changing Conception of Industrial Policymaking in Korea

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Byung-Sun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Policy Failures

The conception of industrial policymaking in any country reflects its peculiar political, economic, and social context. As political and economic democratization proceeds in Korea, many important changes in industrial policymaking have recently taken place. But its fundamental change has been resulted from a coherent industrial policy reform undertaken during the early years of Chun's regime to correct policy failures and legacies left by the highly politicized heavy industrialization drive in the 1970s. It would be now fair to say that Korean industrial policy has come to bear a closer semblance to that of advanced industrialized countries. The concept of industrial targeting, which has long dominated the industrial policymaking in Korea, seems to have lost its traditional luster. On the other hand, political influence has begun to overshadow technocratic judgments in the making of industrial policy.

Golgi Apparatus and Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Study of a Human Cellular Blue Nevus (Melanocytoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Nevus ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Golgi System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Blue Nevus

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.

Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots

2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Production Output ◽  
The One ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Partial Destruction

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

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