A Shot of Justice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Equal Right

Children have been guaranteed an equal right to life, yet millions of them continue to die due to preventable causes. Their deaths are widely perceived as a biomedical issue, with vaccinations being presented as the ultimate life-saving intervention. This book argues that a clear and consistent pattern of preventable child deaths is primarily a problem of justice. It engages with the debate on ‘equalisandum’—what (metric) needs to be equalized across individuals in a just society—in modern theories of justice in the context of trends in child survival and access to its determinants among selected groups in India. It argues that Amartya Sen’s multifocal metric of justice—with a central focus on ‘maximal potentials’ or ‘capabilities’—is more plausible than its counterparts since it allows equity considerations to be met without compromising the potentials of the better-off or aggregative concerns. It concludes that such an approach to justice is relevant for affirmative action policies too, which have long been a source of enormous resentment, especially in India and the United States.

Investigation and Review of Unexpected Infant and Child Deaths

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-735
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Death Investigation

A significant proportion of infant and child deaths are preventable. Of the 55 861 deaths of children aged 14 and younger in the United States in 1989, more than three fourths occurred in children under the age of 2 years.1 Approximately one third of the latter were unexpected, including those due to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or trauma, or deaths that were otherwise unexplained. Child abuse deaths occur in greatest numbers among infants, followed by those in toddlers and preschool children.2 Children younger than 6 years of age are most vulnerable to abuse because of their small size, incomplete verbal skills, and often limited contact with adults other than their primary caretakers.3 With few exceptions, throughout the United States there is no uniform system for the investigation of infant and child deaths. Many jurisdictions lack appropriately trained pathologists, interagency collaboration hat would facilitate sharing of information about the family, and a surveillance system to evaluate data regarding infant deaths. As a result, progress in the understanding of SIDS is inhibited, cases of child abuse and neglect may be missed, familial genetic diseases go undiagnosed, public health threats may be unrecognized, and inadequate medical care may be undetected. Lack of adequate infant and child death investigation is an impediment to preventing illness, injury and death of other children at risk. Adequate death investigation requires the participation of numerous individuals including medical examiner/coroner, public health officials, the patient's physician, the pathologist, and personnel from agencies involved with child welfare and social services and law enforcement.

Compounding Racialized Vulnerability: COVID-19 in Prisons, Jails, and Migrant Detention Centers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G.T. Denney ◽  
Ramon Garibaldo Valdez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Detention Centers ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Immigrant Detention

Abstract Context: Carceral institutions are among the largest clusters of COVID-19 in the United States. As outbreaks have spread throughout prisons and detention centers, detainees have organized collectively to demand life-saving measures. Chief among these demands has been the call for decarceration: the release of detainees and inmates to prevent exposure to COVID-19. This paper theorizes the compounding racial vulnerability that has led to such a marked spread behind bars, mainly among race-class subjugated communities. Methods: We use journalistic sources and administrative data to provide an in-depth account of the spread of COVID-19 in American correctional facilities and of the mobilization to reduce contagions. We also use two survey experiments to describe public support for harm reduction and decarceration demands and measure the effects of information about (a) racial inequalities in prison, and (b) poor conditions inside migrant detention centers. Findings: We find that only one-third to one-half of respondents believe that response to COVID-19 in prisons and immigrant detention centers should be a high priority. We also find that Americans are much more supportive of harm reduction measures like improved sanitation than of releasing people from prisons and detention centers. Information about racial disparities increases support for releasing more people from prison. We do not find any significant effect of information about poor conditions in migrant detention centers. Conclusions: The conditions in prisons and migrant detention centers during the pandemic—and public opinion about them—highlight the realities of compounding racialized vulnerability in the United States.

The demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Richard M. Titmuss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Major Life ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
World Trend

This chapter examines the demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States. Between 1948 and 1967, the annual number of donations of blood in England and Wales rose by 269 per cent. Some part of this increase in supply has met the increase in the amount of blood actually demanded and used per 100 patients treated in hospitals. Meanwhile, estimates have been made that 5,100,000 pints of blood were collected in the United States in 1956 and around 6,000,000 pints in 1966–7. Some of the factors responsible for this world trend relate to the major life-saving role of blood. Others are adding yearly to the relatively new role for human blood of acting as a vital preventive and therapeutic agent. Surgery in its many branches has, for example, been given a new lease of life by increases in the volume of blood available and the advent of effective blood transfusion services.

scholarly journals Commentary: Physiological and Psychological Impact of Face Mask Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Scheid ◽  
Shannon P. Lupien ◽  
Gregory S. Ford ◽  
Sarah L. West
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Psychological Impacts ◽  
Theoretical Evidence

In this commentary, we discuss the physiological effects of wearing masks for prolonged periods of time, including special considerations, such as mask wearing among those who engage in exercise training, and concerns for individuals with pre-existing chronic diseases. In healthy populations, wearing a mask does not appear to cause any harmful physiological alterations, and the potentially life-saving benefits of wearing face masks seem to outweigh the documented discomforts (e.g. headaches). However, there continues to be controversy over mask wearing in the United States, even though wearing a mask appears to have only minor physiological drawbacks. While there are minimal physiological impacts on wearing a mask, theoretical evidence suggests that there may be consequential psychological impacts of mask wearing on the basic psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. These psychological impacts may contribute to the controversy associated with wearing masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. After we discuss the physiological impacts of mask wearing, we will discuss psychological effects associated with wearing masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Civic Disengagement in Contemporary America

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Common

Over The Past Two Generations The United States Has Undergone a series of remarkable transformations. It has helped to defeat global communism, led a revolution in information technology that is fuelling unprecedented prosperity, invented life-saving treatments for diseases from AIDS to cancer, and made great strides in reversing discriminatory practices and promoting equal rights for all citizens. But during these same decades the United States also has undergone a less sanguine transformation: its citizens have become remarkably less civic, less politically engaged, less socially connected, less trusting, and less committed to the common good. At the dawn of the millennium Americans are fast becoming a loose aggregation of disengaged observers, rather than a community of connected participants.

Ageism in the NHS and the Human Rights Act 1998: An Ethical and Legal Enquiry

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesbitt ◽  
Sayers
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
Human Rights Act 1998 ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Equal Right

AbstractIn the United Kingdom, the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 2 October 2000. This Act has implications for the National Health Service, that are speculative and to date largely untested in the Courts. The area considered here, is the way in which the Act may impact on age discrimination as it relates to provision of health care. Ageist policy and decision-making is analysed in conjunction with the Human Rights Act and Articles 2, 3, 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights.The rationality of ageism and the justifications used to support its practice are challenged. The equal right to life-saving treatment of elderly patients is defended as inviolable, unless offset by other reasonable considerations, which as argued should not be age per se.

scholarly journals The U.S. withdrawal from the Open Skies Treaty

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
N. Sokov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
The U.S

The article analyzes the dynamics, causes and implications of the collapse of the Open Skies Treaty in the broader context of gradual dismantlement of the network of arms control and confidence building regimes created at the end of the Cold War. The central focus is on the explanation of the declining U.S. support for the treaty since the 2010s and the eventual withdrawal addressed against the background of the evolution of the U.S. approach to arms control during the first two decades of the 21st century. While policies changed from one president to another, a sequence of U.S. administrations shared growing loss of interest in arms control and unwillingness to invest in generating domestic support for existing and new agreements. The weakening of arms control became preferable to limitations on the U.S.’ own programs and forces, in line with the belief that the United States was sufficiently advanced to remain ahead of any possible competitors, including Russia. While arms control issues are more effectively addressed through detailed, difficult negotiations and compromises, the evolving U.S. approach to perceived treaty violations by Russia amounted to an ultimatum to Moscow to admit violations and fix them the way the U.S. wants them to be fixed. Russia’s decision to follow suit by withdrawing from the treaty, while not immediate or preordained, is explained as driven both by political motives and, in cost-benefit terms, by concerns that the United States would keep access to data on Russia collected under the treaty through the U.S. NATO allies. The prospects for modest upgrade of the arms control agenda under the Biden administration are also addressed.

Drug Approval Process in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart O. Schweitzer ◽  
Z. John Lu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Drug Approval Process ◽  
Major Drug

The drug approval process in any country involves a balancing of conflicting social objectives: safety and access. Faster approval leads to quicker access to potentially life-saving medicine, yet could also lead to false positives or, worse, unsafe products on the market. The United States has a widely respected but stringent and rigorous review process overseen by the Food and Drug Administration. This chapter performs an in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical regulatory approval process in the United States. Standards, guidelines, and critical milestones for basic research, animal testing, and clinical trials in the drug R&D process are explained. It highlights major drug legislation since the beginning of the twentieth century and how this legislation has helped the FDA become the gold standard in pharmaceutical regulation worldwide. The registration pathways for generics and biosimilars are also discussed.

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