Theology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bebbington
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Worship Service ◽  
Henry Ward Beecher ◽  
Rhetorical Genre ◽  
Pastoral Visitation

This chapter examines the pulpit of Protestant Dissent in nineteenth-century Britain and North America. It focuses on a specific rhetorical genre: the lectures that seasoned ministers gave to young men just starting their careers. Texts considered include Charles Haddon Spurgeon’s Lectures to My Students; the Yale Lectures on Preaching by Henry Ward Beecher, R.W. Dale, and other prominent figures; and several discourses delivered before the Theological Union of Victoria University, in Toronto, Canada. Topics addressed in the chapter include the importance of pastoral visitation and prayer; suggestions for overseeing music, Scripture readings, and all other aspects of the worship service; the goals and purposes of preaching; and strategies and techniques for preparing and delivering sermons. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for further study. Promising topics might include comparing these lectures to other nineteenth- and twentieth-century discourses and examining sermon texts written not only by the lecturers themselves, but also by women, people of colour, and others not represented in this study.

Reformed Theology in North America

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Paul Lim ◽  
Drew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
European Immigration

The development of Reformed theology in North America is inextricably linked with the story of European immigration and settlement of the New World. Just as diverse geographic and political circumstances crucially shaped a variegated network of Reformed churches in Europe, the immigration of key groups and figures from this network brought a similar diversity of Reformed Christian thought and practice to the New World. These interrelated traditions then developed in the context of colonial settlements and ultimately hand and hand with the formation and development of national identities. In America, the experience and consequences of the Civil War and its aftermath fundamentally formed the institutional entities and cultural realities in which the Reformed tradition developed in the nineteenth century, and also set the trajectory for its shaping influences in the twentieth century, and in contemporary life as well. This background provides a key hermeneutical lens through which to see the theological conflicts between Reformed Christians who identified closely with the classical Protestant past and those who desired to drive the tradition in a direction more consistent with what they took to be its inevitable modern future. Reformed theology in North America today is thus the product of the planting of various Reformed roots in colonial soil in the midst of the transition to modernity.

Tracing the Fur Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cromwell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Interethnic Relationships

The origins of historical archaeology in the Pacific Northwest of North America in the mid-twentieth century concentrated on the excavations of British terrestrial fur trade forts, but little synthesis and inter-site comparisons of available data has been completed. This chapter presents a comparative typological analysis of these early-nineteenth-century British and Chinese ceramic wares recovered from the Northwest Company’s Fort Okanogan (ca. 1811–1821), Fort Spokane (ca. 1810–1821), Fort George (ca. 1811–1821) and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Vancouver (ca. 1825–1860). This study helps to reveal the extent that early Victorian ideals gave precedence to the supply of British manufactured goods to these colonial outposts on the opposite side of the world and what the presence of these ceramic wares may reveal about the complex interethnic relationships and socioeconomic statuses of the occupants of these forts and the Native Americans who engaged in trade with these forts.

Histories of Heterodoxy: Shifting Approaches to a Millenarian Tradition in Modern Church History

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 377-388
Author(s):  
Philip Lockley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Biblical Interpretation ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Church History ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century

In 1956, the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge published a work chronicling a subject billed as ‘an unrecorded chapter of Church history’. The author was an elderly Anglican clergyman, George Balleine. The book was Past Finding Out: The Tragic Story of Joanna Southcott and her Successors.Before Balleine, the early nineteenth-century figure of Joanna Southcott, and her eventually global religious movement, had garnered scant mainstream attention. The most extensive work was Ronald Matthews’s rudimentary analysis of Southcott and five other ‘English Messiahs’ in a 1936 contribution to the psychology of religion. Southcott had not, in fact, claimed to be a messiah herself; rather, she was the prophet of a coming messiah named ‘Shiloh’. Southcott’s followers (variously labelled ‘Southcottians’, ‘Christian Israelites’ ‘Jezreelites’, among other names) believed that she and certain later figures were inspired by God to signal the imminence of the Christian millennium. Claimants to be the actual Shiloh messiah occasionally featured within this particular tradition of biblical interpretation, inspiration and theodicy. The splinter-prone movement spread through Britain, Australia, New Zealand and North America, and retained a few thousand members in the twentieth century.

Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Presbyterianism in North America

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Sean Michael Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Old World ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Trying to account for the growth of Presbyterianism in North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is not simply a matter of demographics. Rather, Presbyterianism’s expansion was the result of a developing sense of identity, centering on robust theological debate as shaped by the process of Americanization. Starting in the eighteenth century, this New World faith drew from Old World precedents and personalities, but transformed them in the new North American context. Not every Presbyterian participated in this mainstream development; African Americans, Scots Covenanters, and Canadians all found themselves to be outsiders to this developing American faith. These outsiders actually highlight the larger trend: Presbyterians more than any other denominational tradition would become a “church with the soul of the nation.” This commitment, and perhaps captivity, to American culture accounts for Presbyterian success during this period, but it would also set the stage for the fierce battles over Presbyterian identity in the twentieth century and beyond.

scholarly journals Language, translation, and the Irish Theatre Diaspora in Quebec

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
Aileen R. Ruane
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Irish Theatre ◽  
Celtic Tiger ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
Theatre Companies ◽  
Recent Immigration

This article argues for the inclusion of contemporary Québécois translations of twentieth-century Irish plays as part of the Irish theatrical diaspora. The presence of an Irish diaspora in North America was mainly the result of massive waves of immigration, in large part due to the Great Famine, peaking during the mid-nineteenth century before gradually abating. This diaspora in Quebec has resisted full linguistic assimilation, yet was also integrated into many aspects of its culture, a fact that was facilitated by similar political, religious, and even linguistic parallels and elements. Interest in Irish culture, especially in its theatrical output, remains high, with many theatre companies in the province commissioning seasons based on Celtic Tiger-era dramas, translated by Québécois playwrights who also happen to be translators. In tracing and analysing the reason for this interest, despite diminished recent immigration, this article provides the basis for continued research into the performative force of proactive translations across varying diasporic traditions.

‘A Friendly and Familiar Book for the Busy: William Arthur’s the Successful Merchant: Sketches of the Life of Mr Samuel Budgett

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 275-288
Author(s):  
Martin Wellings
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Character ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Relationship

Sir Henry Lunn (1859-1939), former Wesleyan minister and missionary turned journalist, ecumenical pioneer, and successful entrepreneur, wrote several volumes of autobiography in the first third of the twentieth century. Reflecting some fifty years later on the strengths and weaknesses of the Methodism of his youth in Chapters from My Life (1918), he wrote: Our pulpits in the ’70s …. had largely lost touch with the Catholic idea of poverty as one of the great virtues. Some years earlier a much-revered President of the Wesleyan Conference had written two widely different books. One was a powerful assertion of the need for the Baptism of the Holy Spirit in Christian work. The other was a glorification of a rich Methodist tradesman. Both books had a large circulation.The ‘much-revered President’ was William Arthur (1819-1901), President of the Conference in 1866, and his ‘two widely different books’ were Tlie Tongue of Fire (1856) and The Successful Merchant: Sketches of the Life of Mr Samuel Budgett, late ofKingswoodHill (1852). The Tongue of Fire, hailed as a spiritual classic in the nineteenth century and much reprinted then and thereafter, examined the role and importance of the Holy Spirit in Christian life and work. The Successful Merchant, written four years earlier and equally successful in publishing terms, was more controversial in subject-matter and message. As will be seen, it attracted mixed reviews, and some contemporaries shared Henry Lunn’s disquiet at the portrayal of the central character. Arthur himself dedicated the book ‘to the young men of commerce’, and claimed that his purpose was to meet the need for a Christian ‘Commercial Biography’, thereby encouraging informed reflection on the relationship between faith and work. This paper seeks to place The Successful Merchant, described by its author as ‘a friendly, familiar book for the busy, in context in the genre of Methodist biographical literature, in the social and ecclesiastical setting of mid-nineteenth-century Wesleyanism, and in the debate on work and wealth which has been a strand in Methodist identity, history, and historiography since the days of the Wesleys. First, however, some attention must be given to the book itself, its author, and its hero.

scholarly journals Pinaceae in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland (KRA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Plewa ◽  
Piotr Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
First Century ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

The Herbarium of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland (KRA) has extensive collections. The Pinaceae family in KRA embraces 1,057 herbarium sheets and contains representatives of eight out of 11 genera usually distinguished in the family. The collection of the family in KRA contains ca. 54–61% of the 220–250 species occurring in the world. The most numerous species (116 sheets) is <em>Pinus sylvestris</em>. There is one isoneotypus of <em>Larix decidua</em> Mill var. <em>carpatica</em> Domin (KRA 224704) and one syntypus of <em>Tsuga caroliniana</em> Engelm. (KRA 224989) in the collection. There are 706 sheets from Europe, 504 of them come from areas covered by the contemporary borders of Poland, 206 from North America, 98 from Asia, two from Africa, and one from Australia. The herbal material of the family deposited in KRA was collected in the past 200 years. The oldest specimen was collected in 1821. There are 65 sheets which date from the nineteenth century, 56 from the years 1900 to 1918, 173 from 1919 to 1939, 532 from 1944 to 2000, and 139 sheets from the twenty-first century. The most interesting collections include: the exsiccata from the nineteenth century, sheets from China (1925–1926), sheets collected by various Russian expeditions to Siberia, the collection of Professors Jan Kornaś and Anna Medwecka-Kornaś from North America, and collections documenting the scientific activity of the “Kraków geobotanical school” in the twentieth century.

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Free Church ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.

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