Choice, Selection, and Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Levinthal
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Successful Outcomes ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The chapter examines the relationship among processes of choice, selection, and learning. The notions of choice and selection differ with respect to the degree of intentionality that they suggest. However, if “choice” is viewed as the identification of preferential action over some set of latent alternatives, then processes of choice and selection can be seen as differing primarily by their level of analysis. Another critical distinction among these processes is their temporal orientation. In the case of rational choice, selection is driven by a projection of the future consequences of alternative actions. In contrast, evolutionary selection processes are driven by the contemporaneous relative fitness of alternatives. A third perspective is that of learning. Here, the preferential attraction to different alternatives is backward looking, with actions that are perceived to have been associated with more successful outcomes more likely to be enacted than those associated with less successful outcomes.

scholarly journals Personality Differences in Hope and Optimism on Consideration of Future Consequences and Goal Motivation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Consideration Of Future Consequences ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
The Future ◽  
Goal Motivation ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Hope helps us maintain an optimistic outlook for the future and hold the belief that our goals will be met. Hope can explain motivation of several behaviors related to physical and mental health. Hope has two elements: agency and pathway, which refer to distinct styles of hope an individual may have in a variety of situations. Hope for a positive outcome in the future may be related to how an individual considers their actions and the impact they may have in the future. Previous research has suggested specific personality traits may become more prominent when environmental factors are present. Findings indicate hope has an impact when considering the future implications of one’s actions. Additionally, select personality traits appear to play a role in the relationship between hope, goal motivation, and consideration of future consequences.

The Great Recession, Global Conditions from West to East and Back Again: A Forward Looking Commentary

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-102
Author(s):  
Darryl Mitry ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Financial System ◽  
East West ◽  
Subsequent Failure

This article examines national economies, the processes of the global financial system, the relationship to the expansion of global enterprise and the future. The article describes how the process of global economic integration was largely accomplished by a monetary amplification that supported chronic East-West trade imbalances that are unsustainable. The mechanism for much of the recent global economic growth is identified and shown to be untenable because the consequences of the process eventually results in a subsequent reversal and global contraction. Tracing the reactions in terms of who assumes the costs and who receives the benefits helps to illuminate the nature of the process and the subsequent failure. The future consequences are examined, contrasting policies are compared and recommendations for solving the problems are offered.

scholarly journals Karlsruhe’s Lochner Moment? A Rational Choice Perspective on the German Federal Constitutional Court’s Relationship to the CJEU After the PSPP Decision

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1005
Author(s):  
Niels Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Courts ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
German Federal Constitutional Court ◽  
German Federal Constitutional

AbstractOn May 5, 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court issued the PSPP decision, sending shock waves through the European Union. This contribution analyzes the consequences of the PSPP decision for the future relationship between the German FCC and the CJEU and for European integration as a whole. The article consists of four parts. First, I will provide some context and model the interaction between domestic and international courts from a rational choice perspective. Second, I will recapitulate some core aspects of the relationship between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU in particular. I argue that the relationship between both courts had evolved into a strategic equilibrium in which it was costly not to respect the decision of the other party. The third section then looks for reasons why Karlsruhe nevertheless deviated from this equilibrium despite the significant costs involved. The fourth section, finally, considers the way ahead and analyzes what possible consequences for the future relationship between the Federal Constitutional Court and the CJEU.

Well-Being, Temporal Orientation, and the Dual Nature of Materialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
David C. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Temporal Profiles ◽  
The Relationship

The present research examined the dual nature of the materialistic personality in terms of temporal perspective, subjective well-being, and materialism. The dual-nature model hypothesizes an anxious “mouse” type and a more flamboyant “peacock” type of materialist. Previous research has found a relationship between materialism and past-negative and present fatalistic temporal orientation. This study extended this research by examining the future-negative perspective and its relationship to materialism and well-being. It was hypothesized that the two types of materialists would have different temporal profiles. In addition, it was predicted that a future-negative perspective would mediate the relationship between materialism and well-being as was previously found with past-negative temporal orientation. The results indicated higher dark-future, future-negative, and past-negative scores with the “mouse” type materialists and higher present hedonistic scores in the “peacock” type materialists. Mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of a future-negative perspective in the relationship between materialism and well-being.

Temporal orientation and mindfulness

2017 ◽  
pp. 204-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Future Orientation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Individuals can differ in how much they have a tendency to think about the future, as opposed to the present or the past. Findings from many different areas of prospection point to the value of being future-minded, and its value is inherent in how well-being is sometimes defined (e.g. having goals and a sense of purpose). On the other hand, mindfulness, which has become prominent in ideas about well-being and treatment of mental health difficulties, appears to point to the value of a present focus. Chapter 9 reviews evidence related to both of these questions, critically evaluating evidence on the relationship of well-being to self-report measures of both mindfulness and future orientation. A distinction is also made between the temporal present and the experienced present, which helps to resolve the apparent contradiction between being mindful and thinking about the future.

A Meta-Analysis of Interviews and Cognitive Ability

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Roth ◽  
Allen I. Huffcutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Employment Interviews ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of what interviews measure has received a great deal of attention over the years. One line of research has investigated the relationship between interviews and the construct of cognitive ability. A previous meta-analysis reported an overall corrected correlation of .40 ( Huffcutt, Roth, & McDaniel, 1996 ). A more recent meta-analysis reported a noticeably lower corrected correlation of .27 ( Berry, Sackett, & Landers, 2007 ). After reviewing both meta-analyses, it appears that the two studies posed different research questions. Further, there were a number of coding judgments in Berry et al. that merit review, and there was no moderator analysis for educational versus employment interviews. As a result, we reanalyzed the work by Berry et al. and found a corrected correlation of .42 for employment interviews (.15 higher than Berry et al., a 56% increase). Further, educational interviews were associated with a corrected correlation of .21, supporting their influence as a moderator. We suggest a better estimate of the correlation between employment interviews and cognitive ability is .42, and this takes us “back to the future” in that the better overall estimate of the employment interviews – cognitive ability relationship is roughly .40. This difference has implications for what is being measured by interviews and their incremental validity.

Using the alveograph in developing requirements for the quality of flour for wafer sheet production

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
E.P. Meleshkina ◽  
◽  
S.N. Kolomiets ◽  
A.S. Cheskidova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
Intended Purpose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Objectively and reliably determined indicators of rheological properties of the dough were identified using the alveograph device to create a system of classifications of wheat and flour from it for the intended purpose in the future. The analysis of the relationship of standardized quality indicators, as well as newly developed indicators for identifying them, differentiating the quality of wheat flour for the intended purpose, i.e. for finished products. To do this, we use mathematical statistics methods.

Editor’s Pick: Regulatory and Ethical Issues in the New Era of Radiomics and Radiogenomics

EMJ Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Pesapane
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
New Era ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Radiomics is a science that investigates a large number of features from medical images using data-characterisation algorithms, with the aim to analyse disease characteristics that are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Radiogenomics attempts to establish and examine the relationship between tumour genomic characteristics and their radiologic appearance. Although there is certainly a lot to learn from these relationships, one could ask the question: what is the practical significance of radiogenomic discoveries? This increasing interest in such applications inevitably raises numerous legal and ethical questions. In an environment such as the technology field, which changes quickly and unpredictably, regulations need to be timely in order to be relevant.  In this paper, issues that must be solved to make the future applications of this innovative technology safe and useful are analysed.

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