Inca Mining and Metal Production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Zori
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Silver Mining ◽  
Extraction Of Metals

The Inca Empire directed significant resources and labor toward the extraction of metals from the provinces. Using the case studies of Porco (silver), Viña del Cerro (copper), and the Tarapacá Valley (copper and silver), this chapter explores some of the strategies used by the Inca in obtaining metallurgical wealth. These case studies show that, as suggested by ethnohistoric sources, silver mining and subsequent purification were directly overseen by the state. In contrast to models of more indirect state involvement typically proposed for copper production, these case studies demonstrate that the Inca actively invested in expanding production of this metal, despite the fact that it was not necessarily destined for use in the imperial heartland. I propose several ways that the production of silver and copper enmeshed local people in relations of hierarchy, obligation, and reciprocity as they became subjects of the Inca Empire.

Elementy współpracy polskich Wojsk Specjalnych i polskiego kontrwywiadu wojskowego w operacjach typu COIN. Casus Afganistanu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Social Character ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Political Economic

A COIN operation involves both insurgents and local people. Its main goal is to neutralize all conditions enabling the development of insurgent movements or conducive to their development. In COIN operations, the basic efficiency criterion is the destruction or significant reduction of the opponent’s effectiveness and its ability to use local people for its own purposes. Military counterintelligence is responsible for analyzing the capabilities and organizational structure of the enemy’s reconnaissance system, including terrorist organizations or rebels, and planning undertakings that neutralize enemy activities, achieved, among others by recognizing its capabilities and taking remedial action on this basis. Anti-partisan operations constitute a coordinated effort to combat guerrilla activities in the theatre of war of a varied military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and social character, aimed against insurgents and against their impact on the state and the society.

State Sponsored Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
British Council ◽  
Material Condition ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Satanic Verses ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
Post War ◽  
Archival Work

Debates about the value of the ‘literary’ rarely register the expressive acts of state subsidy, sponsorship, and cultural policy that have shaped post-war Britain. In State Sponsored Literature, Asha Rogers argues that the modern state was a major material condition of literature, even as its efforts were relative, partial, and prone to disruption. Drawing from neglected and occasionally unexpected archives, she shows how the state became an integral and conflicted custodian of literary freedom in the postcolonial world as beliefs about literature’s ‘public’ were radically challenged by the unrivalled migration to Britain at the end of Empire. State Sponsored Literature retells the story of literature’s place in modern Britain through original analysis of the institutional forces behind canon-formation and contestation, from the literature programmes of the British Council and Arts Council to the UK’s fraught relations with UNESCO, from GCSE literature anthologies to the origins of The Satanic Verses in migrant Camden. The state did not shape literary production in a vacuum, Rogers argues, rather its policies, practices, and priorities were inexorably shaped in turn. Demonstrating how archival work can potentially transform our understanding of literature and its reading publics, this book challenges how we think about literature’s value by asking what state involvement has meant for writers, readers, institutions, and the ideal of autonomy itself.

A Study of Sustainable Design Based on Unconscious Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 1920-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Tao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
The State ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
Saving Behavior

Nowadays, a lot of people engage in unsustainable daily behavior unconsciously, although most of them worry about the state of our natural environment. Designers can find ideas in people’s unconscious saving behavior and wasting behavior, and then realize these ideas into design. Based upon the case studies, the paper gives hints how to realize ideas derived from unconscious behavior into sustainable design.

Flotation extraction of metals from technological solutions of copper production

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 802-813
Author(s):  
Kholikulov Doniyor Bakhtiyorovich ◽  
Yakubov Nodirbek Maxmud Janovich
Keyword(s):  
Copper Production ◽  
Extraction Of Metals

scholarly journals Anticipating Jean-Jacques Rousseau: the state of nature in the novel ‟Letters from a Peruvian Woman” by Madame de Graffigny (1747)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Artem D. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
The State ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Noble Savage ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
Intellectual Influence

The article deals with the novel ‟Letters from a Peruvian Woman” (Lettres d'une Péruvienne, 1747) by Madame de Graffigny, which anticipates many ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, including the notion of state of nature. The main character, a young Peruvian woman, who was taken away to France, embodies the concept of the ‟noble savage”. Unlike civilised Europeans she has high moral qualities, critically evaluates the institutions and customs of her time, and she aspires to the state of nature, though knowledge about this world did not make her happy. Madame de Graffigny uses the Peruvian theme according to the general interest in the age of Enlightenment in the Inca Empire, which was considered as idyllic society, organised under the laws of nature. She tries, like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, to display merits of savages and demerits of civilised Europeans. The intellectual influence of Madame de Graffigny and Jean-Jacques Rousseau on each other is confirmed by their personal contacts. As a result, we claim that the novel ‟Letters from a Peruvian Woman” was influenced by advanced philosophical ideas of the mid-18thcentury – this text stands at the origins of the concept of the ‟state of nature”, which eventually became one of the main terms of Rousseauism.

scholarly journals Simplified Approach to Detect Satellite Maneuvers Using TLE Data and Simplified Perturbation Model Utilizing Orbital Element Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10181
Author(s):  
Arvind Mukundan ◽  
Hsiang-Chen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Orbital Element ◽  
The State ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Perturbation Model ◽  
Line Elements ◽  
Element Variation

In this study, an algorithm to identify the maneuvers of a satellite is developed by comparing the Keplerian elements acquired from the two-line elements (TLEs) and Keplerian elements propagated from simplified perturbation models. TLEs contain a specific set of orbital elements, whereas the simplified perturbation models are used to propagate the state vectors at a given time. By comparing the corresponding Keplerian elements derived from both methods, a satellite’s maneuver is identified. This article provides an outline of the working methodology and efficacy of the method. The function of this approach is evaluated in two case studies, i.e., TOPEX/Poseidon and Envisat, whose maneuver histories are available. The same method is implemented to identify the station-keeping maneuvers for TDRS-3, whose maneuver history is not available. Results derived from the analysis indicate that maneuvers with a magnitude of even as low as cm/s are detected when the detection parameters are calibrated properly.

Organising around ideas: Why we need to take the battle of ideas in education more seriously

FORUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-160
Author(s):  
Chloe Tomlinson ◽  
Howard Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The State ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Rational Argument ◽  
Movement Building

In this article we develop the notion of 'organising around ideas'. We highlight the ways in which education debate in England has narrowed as traditional spaces for discussion and debate have been closed down. The state now has extraordinary power to shape discourses and frame narratives about the purposes of schooling. Here we argue that we must find new ways to engage in the battle of ideas, not simply as an exercise in rational argument, but as an essential element of organising and movement building. The article provides three short case studies of 'organising around ideas' in action to illustrate what this work can look like. The cases are not templates, but illustrate the flexible, grassroots-based activity that is central to building a movement from the bottom up.

The mobility of Chinese Officials. I: Lan pei lu by Fan Cheng‑da

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Igor Alimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Servant ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Unique Information ◽  
Travel Journal ◽  
Important Evidence

This article concerns a travel journal Lan pei lu (“An Account with Reins in Hands”) written by a famous poet and civil servant Fan Cheng‑da (1126—1193). This text is an important evidence of the Old Chinese bureaucracy mobility of the 10th—13th centuries. Fan Cheng‑da wrote this journal while he travelled to Jurchen state Jin as a member of an ambassade. He registered many details about the current situation of the state, its morals and customs and the influence of Jurchen culture on the local people. This unique information makes Lan pei lu a very important historical and ethnographical source.

Facilitating Irregular Migration into Malaysia and from Indonesia: Illicit Markets, Endemic Corruption and Symbolic Attempts to Overcome Impunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hoffstaedter ◽  
Antje Missbach
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Formal Economy

Abstract Discourses around illicit markets for irregular migration focus on criminality and global dimensions threatening border security and the sovereignty of the state. Organised crime has generally been understood to be committed by crime syndicates outside or parallel to the dominant order and formal economy. In Malaysia and Indonesia, however, the state (or parts thereof) is heavily implicated in such crime and essential for the success of unsanctioned trans-border movements. The participation of state officials could be analysed as a convergence of extralegal income generation and symbolic law enforcement. This article presents case studies from Malaysia and Indonesia that could only have taken place because security officials facilitated them. It challenges the orthodoxy of a state versus criminal network opposition and seeks to explain the circumstances under which legal prosecution occurs. The symbolic punishment of low-ranking officials reinforces networks of control, power hierarchies and cooperation of the state in illicit markets.

Writing Politics: Ottoman Governmentality and the Language of Reports

2018 ◽  
pp. 116-145
Author(s):  
M. Safa Saraçoglu
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Provincial Capital ◽  
False Accusations

This chapter focuses on the official correspondence between Vidin’s administrative council and the provincial capital, Ruse. These reports pertaining to events in Vidin County were a part of the political procedures of the local judicio-administrative sphere. As such, politics of local administration influenced the official correspondence and our understanding of the events in Vidin County. The writing of reports and petitions and other provincial administrative/judicial practices (such as interrogations) constituted a significant part of Ottoman governmentality. Those who could shape how the official correspondence was constructed gained advantage in local political economy. Such correspondence was an essential component of how provincial Ottoman government functioned; therefore, reports, petitions, false accusations, and interrogations became important tools for agents and groups who were engaged in hegemonic negotiations. Both elite and non-elite agents were able to utilize Ottoman governance to pursue their own strategies against other local agents or imperial government. People who refused to use these bureaucratic tools in making claims and negotiating were presented in this correspondence as defiant stubborn and violent. This perspective is critical of the state–society divide, as the case studies reveal a more complex singular government of state and society.

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