Illuminated Manuscripts: Secular

2021 ◽  
pp. 480-494
Author(s):  
Christine Havice
Keyword(s):  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Luxury Products ◽  
Over Time

Illuminated manuscripts with non-religious content—texts on literature, medicine, science, warfare, geography, hunting, and history—typically derive from illuminated Classical and Late Antique texts. Over time, the direct, explicatory images accrued additional features and sometimes transformed into full miniatures with settings and humans performing actions or demonstrating effects. Artists relied mostly on convention and formulae but can be occasionally glimpsed responding to the necessity of producing an original image. As with religious books, secular programs can be analyzed to discern particular agendas, usually of commissioners or intended recipients, while the books themselves had practical application—instructions on building a siege machine or what plant not to consume—as well as serving as luxury products for reading, presentation, even performance.

scholarly journals Three Evidence Based Methods to Compensate for a Lack of Subject Background when Ordering Chemistry Monographs

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Robert A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Library System ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

Objective – The aim of this article is to present evidence based methods for the selection of chemistry monographs, particularly for librarians lacking a background in chemistry. These methods will be described in detail, their practical application illustrated, and their efficacy tested by analyzing circulation data. Methods – Two hundred and ninety-five chemistry monographs were selected between 2005 and 2007 using rigorously-applied evidence based methods involving the Library's integrated library system (ILS), Google, and SciFinder Scholar. The average circulation rate of this group of monographs was compared to the average circulation rate of 254 chemistry monographs selected between 2002 and 2004 when the methods were not used or were in an incomplete state of development. Results – Circulations/month were on average 9% greater in the cohort of monographs selected with the rigorously-applied evidence based methods. Further statistical analysis, however, finds that this result can not be attributed to the different application of these methods. Conclusion – The methods discussed in this article appear to provide an evidence base for the selection of chemistry monographs, but their application does not change circulation rates in a statistically significant way. Further research is needed to determine if this lack of statistical significance is real or a product of the organic development and application of these methods over time, making definitive comparisons difficult.

scholarly journals Study on the personal luxury goods market

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Varga Elena-Iulia
Keyword(s):  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
Luxury Products ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The field of luxury has a series of characteristics that allowed a spectacular growth over time, to acquire stability and remarkable recovery power after adverse economic events, including global ones. Associated with extravagance, prestige or elitism, luxury is a need that manifests itself at the level of individuals due to the emotional side that these products highlight. In this paper we conducted a study on the purchase of luxury products among consumers of the Mureș county, mainly aiming to identify the importance and characteristics of the consumption of luxury clothing and accessories.

Part II Vertical Agreements Under Regulation 330/2010, 5 Article 3: Market Share Threshold

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijckmans Frank ◽  
Tuytschaever Filip
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the market share limits that determine the applicability of Regulation 330/2010. Each of the supplier and the buyer must in principle remain below an individual limit of 30 per cent. In order to assess the market share limits, the chapter addresses the following steps of the analysis: (i) ninth step: definition of the relevant market; and (ii) tenth step: calculation of the market shares. It concludes by addressing the concrete and practical application of the market share limits in accordance with Regulation 330/2010 and offers easy-to-read overview tables illustrating the effect of changes in the market share levels over time.

Bouleuterion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Bell, III
Keyword(s):  
Civic Identity ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
High Status ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
Usual Form ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Architectural Sculpture ◽  
Over Time

The bouleuterion housed the boule or council of a Greek polis in the form of a roofed meeting space. Most, if not all, cities had one; the remains of more than fifty buildings are extant. Although there were also bouleuteria in large sanctuaries and federal capitals, the major examples are urban. Bouleuteria were almost always located near a city’s agora. Over time their architects designed increasingly unobstructed interior spaces. Construction of dedicated bouleuteria began in the late archaic period; earlier councils may have met in porticoes or other buildings. Councils were generally composed of 100–500 bouletai and required a capacious meeting place; the bouleuterion became one of a city’s largest secular buildings. In the 5th and 4th centuries bce, the usual form was a hypostyle hall with symmetrically spaced interior columns, level floors, and seating on benches, as at Argos and Athens. Sloping stone seating was introduced early in the Hellenistic era and became standard; both rectilinear and curvilinear versions are known, the latter much more common. Secondary meeting spaces for committees of prytaneis or probouloi were sometimes adjacent. From c. 250 bce the design of bouleuteria became increasingly ambitious. After adoption of the wooden roofing truss, interior supports could be more widely spaced, as at Priene and Miletus, and eventually eliminated. Often the product of Hellenistic and Roman euergetism, bouleuteria were constructed by private citizens and rulers; sculptures were often dedicated within their precincts. Rare architectural sculpture was limited to motifs symbolizing the council’s role as a defense against a city’s enemies. A majority of known bouleuteria are in Asia Minor, where Greek cities long retained their civic identity under Rome; membership in the council came to signify high status, in some places becoming hereditary. Many bouleuteria were built between the 2nd century bce and 2nd century ce, often incorporated, as at Ephesus and Aphrodisias, into large urban complexes. As multivalent roofed halls, bouleuteria provided useful settings for civic ceremonies and were often used for cultural activities including oratory and spectacle. Later examples became more like odeia or roofed theaters, with vast open interiors, a raised stage, and a two-storey scaenae frons that was separated from the cavea by parodoi and populated by sculptures of benefactors, deities, and emperors. When epigraphical evidence is lacking, identification of a later building as an odeion or bouleuterion can be uncertain; while some roofed halls may have served both functions, location on or near the agora points at least to political use. In Asia Minor some bouleuteria continued into the late antique period; the building at Nysa may have survived until the 10th or 11th century ce.

scholarly journals DEMAND FACTORS FOR BANKING LOANS IN UKRAINE: MODELING AND ASSESSMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (36) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
S. Hlushchenko ◽  
V. Shportyuk
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Over Time

The article presents the results of modeling and assessment of the effects of demand factors for banking loans by business entities and households on the volume of bank loaning in Ukraine. The article summarizes the factors influencing on volume of banking loans according to the demand side of business entities and households; performed modeling based on statistical data for Ukrainian practice in the period from 2006 to 2020. The authors developed a VAR-model for estimating the factors influencing the banking loans demand by business entities. According to the constructed model, it is concluded that the change in demand for credit resources by business entities is due to changes in interest rates (by 30%), changes in industrial production index (15.6%), changes in PFTS index 10.7%), change in the price index of industrial producers (1.0%), change in themselves over time (42.5%). The authors also developed a VAR-model for estimating the factors influencing the banking loans demand from households. According to the constructed model, it is concluded that the change in demand for credit resources by households is due to changes in average wages (16.2%), changes in interest rates (16%), changes in expenditures (8.2%), changes in GDP (7.7%), the consumer price index (6.9%), the change in the number of registered unemployed (2.9%) and the change in themselves over time (42.1%). The obtained results can have practical application both within the formation of banking loan policy and within state regulation measures to influence the activation of the credit sector in the country.

scholarly journals Ernst G. Frankel. Managing Development: Measures of Success and Failure in Development. Palgrave, USA. 2005. 303 pages.

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Saira Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Over Time

In this book, Ernst G. Frankel has reviewed development programmes, plans and agendas, initiated by the developed world for the developing countries. He has recounted numerous examples from the developing world to provide a well-structured commentary, which helps the reader to appraise the practical application of development theory, development financing and development management over the last fifty years. Author has himself been involved in development projects and missions for a long time therefore, he explicitly accounts for the causes of the enormous failures and the meagre success rate of development projects. He primarily forms his argument on the call of incorrect perception of local context and thus inappropriate planning, funding and implementation of development projects. Overall, he has taken an unconventional view of development and making development happen. He describes development as a dynamic process, which is flexible and iconoclastic in nature and, thus, should incorporate the mutable nature of human behaviour, culture, science and technology over time.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING RELATIVE PERIODIZATION OF THE PODBOLOT’YEVO CEMETERY (based on the study of shapes of clay vessels)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.Б. Цетлин ◽  
П.Р. Холошин
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Clay Pots ◽  
Over Time

Статья посвящена краткому изложению методики построения периодизации археологических памятников по данным изучения древней керамики и результатам практического применения ее к материалам Подболотьевского могильника древней муромы. Системный анализ форм 223 глиняных сосудов из 129 погребений позволил выделить в истории могильника пять последовательных периодов, отражающих динамику развития гончарных традиций муромского населения, оставившего этот могильник. Особое внимание уделено проверке построенной периодизации по независимым археологическим данным. The paper summarizes the methodology of developing relative periodization of archaeological sites based on the data of studies regarding ancient ceramics and results of their practical application to the materials from the Podbolotyevo cemetery of the ancient Muroma. The systemic analysis of shapes of 233 clay pots from 129 graves made it possible to identify five subsequent periods in the history of the cemetery. These reflect changes over time in development of pottery making traditions of the Muroma population that left behind this cemetery. The paper places a special focus on verification of the suggested periodization with the help of independent archaeological data.

scholarly journals How Numerous and How Busy were Late-Antique Presbyters?

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-37
Author(s):  
Robert Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Third ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article seeks to count late-antique clergy and assess their workload. It estimates the number of clerics, and particularly presbyters, in Christian communities of various sizes, and investigates how and why the ratio of clerics to laypersons changed over time. First, by examining the situation in the city of Rome, it demonstrates that the growth in the ranks of the presbyters from the third to the fifth century was slow, and argues that this resulted from the competing interests of the bishops, lay congregation, rich donors, and above all the middle clergy. It is the last group who were reluctant to raise their number as this had a negative impact on their income. The results of this phenomenon can also be seen in other big sees of Christendom, in which, in Late Antiquity, there was one presbyter per several thousand laypersons. Interestingly, in smaller towns, this ratio was significantly lower, and in the countryside, it remained in the lower hundreds. Second, this article shows how the changing ratio of clerics to laypersons affected the level of professionalization of the former. In the big cities, the ecclesiastical duties of presbyters who served in a growing community were getting heavier. This turned the presbyters into full-time religious ministers, at the same time making them even more dependent on ecclesiastical income. In the towns and villages, however, the pattern was different. In the places in which one presbyter served a very small community, his job was less time-consuming but also brought him less income. In consequence, rural presbyters had to support their families through craft work, commerce, or farming, and they had time for this.

scholarly journals Ἀργὼ πᾶσι μέλουσα, παρ᾽ Αἰήταο πλέουσα – greckie źródła literackie do poznania mitu o Medei i wyprawie Argonautów po złote runo od VIII w. p.n.e. do III w. p.n.e.

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-30
Author(s):  
Justyna Dworniak
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Apollonius Rhodius ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Over Time

The myth of Medea and the Argonauts’ voyage to the faraway Colchis in search of the Golden Fleece belongs to the earliest legends of ancient Greece. The narrative elements of the tale would change over time. For almost thirteen centuries, from Homer to the late-antique poem Argonautica Orphica, which yet again retold the heroes’ expedition to Colchis, the legend of the Colchian sorceress and the fifty brave men fascinated ancient poets, historians and tragedians. Hence the paper focuses on the Greek literary sources which conveyed the tale. A detailed discussion of the works aims to highlight the diversity and multiplicity of the myth’s versions as well as outlines the evolution of the legend, whose most celebrated and recognized literary variant is found in Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodius.

scholarly journals Chromatic Variation in Late Antique Rainbows

CLARA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Kiilerich
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Normal Sequence ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
White Band ◽  
Silver Line ◽  
The Church

Depictions of rainbows in late antique and early Byzantine art follow the normal sequence of the spectral colours, only some bows exclude blue and violet. Another characteristic feature of the late antique rainbow is the inclusion of white and the non-spectral hue pink. In order to investigate chromatic characteristics, I use as case studies the comparatively few extant rainbow images of third- to sixth-century date from Thessaloniki, Constantinople, Rome and Ravenna. The rainbows, depicted in a floor mosaic, three illuminated manuscripts and three monumental wall mosaic decorations, are either part of narratives or rainbow-patterned borders used to frame other scenes. To throw light on the chromatic variations, ancient descriptions of rainbows are brought into the discussion and the representations are seen in relation to meteorological research. I propose that the late antique rainbow images follow two visual traditions, both of which can be traced back to the Hellenistic period and both of which are grounded in scientific research. One is the sunrise/sunset rainbow that ranges from red to green. I argue that the exclusion of blue/violet may be due to its being more difficult to see against the sky, the wavelength of violet being closest to the boundary beyond which coloured light tends to look black. The variant type, found especially in the church mosaics, covers the whole spectrum from red via green to violet as well as pink and white. I suggest that the non-spectral pink hues can be understood as the gradations of red that can sometimes be observed in the natural bow and that the white band provides highlight, which combined with a silver line indicates a strong luminance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document