Slurs, Assertion, and Predication

2019 ◽  
pp. 286-305
Author(s):  
Christopher Hom
Keyword(s):  
Careful Examination ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Literal Truth ◽  
Truth Conditional

A multidimensional account of the meanings of slurs holds that a slur has both literal, truth-conditional content (which is neutral) and conventional implicature (which is derogatory). This chapter offers a careful examination of the motivations and commitments for a multidimensional account and argues that the theoretic costs for such a view are prohibitive. One of the primary motivations for a multidimensional account over a purely truth-conditional account is the apparent wide-scoping phenomenon of slurs (e.g., that derogatory content does not seem cancellable under negation). The chapter argues that carefully distinguishing between predication and assertion not only dispels the misconception that the phenomena in question is centrally about scope but also vindicates the purely truth-conditional account as a more general and unified explanation.

Pronominal Non-Core Datives in Syrian Arabic

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36
Author(s):  
Nisrine Al-Zahre ◽  
Nora Boneh
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Element Bearing ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Syntactic Properties

In this paper we describe the pragmatic, lexical and syntactic properties of the Syrian Arabic Coreferential Dative Construction (CDC), featuring a dative element bearing agreement features which are identical to those of the subject in the clause, the Coreferential Dative (CD), and an obligatory expression of attenuative vague measure, described by us in Al-Zahre & Boneh (2010). We first show that the CD, which has no truth conditional meaning, contributes to the creation of a Conventional Implicature (Horn 2004, Potts 2005). Second, we propose a way to compositionally integrate the CD into the derivation of these constructions by arguing that the visible pronominal features are non-referential but rather the morphological reflex of checked uninterpretable phi-features on a defective applicative head. To couch the analysis in a wider context, we show how it can extend to other categories of non-core dative in Syrian Arabic.

Information Structure and the Landscape of (Non-)at-issue Meaning

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Horn
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Variable Strength ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
The Common ◽  
Issue Content

This article examines cases that illustrate the relation of information structure to truth-conditional semantics, grammatical form, and assertoric force. Before discussing the interaction between information structure and (non-)at-issue meaning, it considers the nature of information and what constitutes information. It then looks at two aspects of the common ground, common ground (CG) content and CG management, as well as the criteria of category membership. The article also explores the varying degrees of at-issueness, the role of rhetorical opposition andbutclauses, as well as the variable strength of at-issue content. The landscape of non-at-issue meaning is presented, and the distinction between conventional implicature and assertorically inert entailments is highlighted using a range of distributional diagnostics. The article concludes by analysing the relation between structural focus and exhaustivity using the semantic and pragmatic approaches.

scholarly journals Really Expressive Presuppositions and How to Block Them

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Marques ◽  
Manuel García-Carpintero
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Affective Attitudes ◽  
Expressive Meaning ◽  
Truth Conditional

Kaplan (1999) argued that a different dimension of expressive meaning (“use-conditional”, as opposed to truth-conditional) is required to characterize the meaning of pejoratives, including slurs and racial epithets. Elaborating on this, writers have argued that the expressive meaning of pejoratives and slurs is either a conventional implicature (Potts 2007) or a presupposition (Macià 2002 and 2014, Schlenker 2007, Cepollaro and Stojanovic 2016). Here the authors argue that an expressive presuppositional theory accounts well for the data, but that expressive presuppositions are not just propositions to be added to a common ground. They hold that expressives, including pejoratives and slurs, make requirements on a contextual record governed by sui generis norms specific to affective attitudes and their expressions.

scholarly journals Conventional implicatures of the 2019 Presidential Tribunal: implications for the Nigerian leadership, media and users

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-271
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chukwudi Ugwu ◽  
Chukwuma Charles Motanya
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Truth Conditional ◽  
Conventional Implicatures

Conventional implicature deals with non-truth conditional content of the expression in any given situation. Nigerians went into the general election in the year 2019, which various positions were contested and so many conditions that took place. Political parties were at the helm of the affairs doing what they know how best to do, through manifestos, campaign, propaganda and so on. Later, there was outcome of the presidential tribunal, especially among the first and topmost two contenders in the election and actual implicature transpired in the judgement. The implication lies at what the majority sees as a rape of democracy and the court ruling. Language of affidavit became awash on the social media. So many non-truth conditions were generated on the media after the ruling. To ascertain this implicature, this study applied the qualitative research by using purposive sampling technique in gathering the data and its analysis. The study reveals the social vices in this situation against dwindling areas in our leadership and how it affects those using the language. Keywords: Conventional, Implicature, Language, Affidavit, leadership, Presidential, Social Media

Microstructural Variations in Melt-Spun Rapidly Solidified Ribbons

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
L. A. Bendersky ◽  
W. J. Boettinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Wheel Side ◽  
Rapidly Solidified ◽  
Heat Extraction Rate

Rapid solidification produces a wide variety of sub-micron scale microstructure. Generally, the microstructure depends on the imposed melt undercooling and heat extraction rate. The microstructure can vary strongly not only due to processing parameters changes but also during the process itself, as a result of recalescence. Hence, careful examination of different locations in rapidly solidified products should be performed. Additionally, post-solidification solid-state reactions can alter the microstructure.The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the strong microstructural changes in different regions of melt-spun ribbon for three different alloys. The locations of the analyzed structures were near the wheel side (W) and near the center (C) of the ribbons. The TEM specimens were prepared by selective electropolishing or ion milling.

Crystal structure-size relationship in ultrafine metallic particles

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Lattice Defects ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Seeded Growth ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Interfacial Structures ◽  
Typical Particle ◽  
Many Particles

Ultrafine particles usually have unique physical properties. This study illustrates how the lattice defects and interfacial structures between particles are related to the size of ultrafine crystalline gold particles.Colloidal gold particles were produced by reducing gold chloride with sodium citrate at 100°C. In this process, particle size can be controlled by changing the concentration of the reactant. TEM samples are prepared by transferring a small amount of solution onto a thin (5 nm) carbon film which is suspended on a copper grid. In this work, all experiments were performed with Philips 430T at 300 kV.With controlled seeded growth, particles of different sizes are produced, as shown in Figure 1. By a careful examination, it can be resolved that very small particles have lattice defects with complex interfaces. Some typical particle structures include multiple twins, resulting in a five-fold symmetry bicrystals, and highly disordered regions. Many particles are too complex to be described by simple models.

The Complexity of Health Disparities: More Than Just Black–White Differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Molly Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Language Pathology

Health disparities have once again moved to the forefront of America's consciousness with the recent significant observation of dramatically higher death rates among African Americans with COVID-19 when compared to White Americans. Health disparities have a long history in the United States, yet little consideration has been given to their impact on the clinical outcomes in the rehabilitative health professions such as speech-language pathology/audiology (SLP/A). Consequently, it is unclear how the absence of a careful examination of health disparities in fields like SLP/A impacts the clinical outcomes desired or achieved. The purpose of this tutorial is to examine the issue of health disparities in relationship to SLP/A. This tutorial includes operational definitions related to health disparities and a review of the social determinants of health that are the underlying cause of such disparities. The tutorial concludes with a discussion of potential directions for the study of health disparities in SLP/A to identify strategies to close the disparity gap in health-related outcomes that currently exists.

Investigation into Cigarette Smoking and Atmospheric Pollution in the Aetiology of Lung Cancer

1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Smoking Habits ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ancillary Data

The evidence that cigarette smoking and atmospheric pcllution are causes of lung cancer is largely statistical. The first evidence was indirect; that is, i1. was noticed that in many countries the incidence of lung cancer had increased and that the increase could be correlated with changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking and of certain types of atmospheric pollution.Since then much direct evidence has been obtained. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated retrospectively by comparing the smoking habits of patients with and without lung cancer and prospectively by observing the mortality from lung cancer in groups of persons of known smoking habits. Conclusions can be drawn from these studies only after careful examination of the results. In particular it is important in retrospective studies to test a) the reproducibility of the data, b) the representativeness of the data, and c) the comparability of the special series and their controls. The resul1.s of retrospective studies are all similar and all show a close relationship between cigarette smoking and the disease.The results have been confirmed by pro~pective studies which are lesF. open to bias. The results can be explained if cigarette smoking causes lung cancer or if both are related to some third common factor. Ancillary data (pathological changes in the bronchial mucosa, animal experiments, etc.) support the causal hypothesis.The evidence relating to atmospheric pollution is less definite and it is difficult to get direct evidence of a relationship in the individual. It is clear that pollution has little effect in the absence of smoking, but the mortality associated with a given amount of smoking is generally greater in large towns than in the countryside and among men who have emigrated from Britain than among men who have lived all their lives in less polluted countries.

Pre-Linnaean pictures of the secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius (J. F. )

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAGNAR K. KINZELBACH
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Family ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Sub Saharan

The secretarybird, the only species of the family Sagittariidae (Falconiformes), inhabits all of sub-Saharan Africa except the rain forests. Secretarybird, its vernacular name in many languages, may be derived from the Arabic “saqr at-tair”, “falcon of the hunt”, which found its way into French during the crusades. From the same period are two drawings of a “bistarda deserti” in a codex by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250). The original sketch obviously, together with other information on birds, came from the court of Sultan al-Kâmil (1180–1238) in Cairo. Careful examination led to an interpretation as Sagittarius serpentarius. Two archaeological sources and one nineteenth century observation strengthened the idea of a former occurrence of the secretarybird in the Egyptian Nile valley. André Thevet (1502–1590), a French cleric and reliable research traveller, described and depicted in 1558 a strange bird, named “Pa” in Persian language, from what he called Madagascar. The woodcut is identified as Sagittarius serpentarius. The text reveals East Africa as the real home of this bird, associated there among others with elephants. From there raises a connection to the tales of the fabulous roc, which feeds its offspring with elephants, ending up in the vernacular name of the extinct Madagascar ostrich as elephantbird.

Troubling Figures

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Natalie O'Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Environmental Racism ◽  
Feminist Science Studies ◽  
Feminist Science ◽  
Do So

This essay examines the figure of the pesticide-exposed intersex frog, a canary in the coal mine for public endocrinological health. Through feminist science studies and critical discourse analysis, I explore the fields that bring this figure into being (endocrinology, toxicology, and pest science) and the colonial and racial logics that shape these fields. In so doing, I attend to the multiple nonhuman actors shaping this figure, including the pesky weeds and insects who prompt pesticides’ very existence, “male” frogs who function as test subjects, and systemic environmental racism that disproportionately exposes people of color to environmental toxicants. I encourage careful examination of galvanizing environmental figures like this toxic intersex frog and I offer a method to do so.

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