Adoption of Christian Anthropology by Chinese Intellectuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 316-332
Author(s):  
Cao Jian
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
American Philosophy ◽  
Chinese Traditional Culture ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Universal Love ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Modern Era

In their search for justification in a scriptural text, both Christian and non-Christian Chinese intellectuals in the modern era found the Old Testament a rich and promising source at times of cultural and national crises. In this paper, three major topics will be taken up. First, it will explore the ways in which the Chinese Old Testament and its idea of God were anthropologically interpreted by Chinese intellectuals in light of modern scientism, European and American philosophy, and Chinese traditional culture. Second, it will analyze how the idea of one God was utilized by Chinese intellectuals in their efforts to explain human nature and to promote individual morality. Finally, it will discuss how universal love, which was of special importance in the context of monotheism, was interpreted by Chinese intellectuals. These three topics lead to a common interest or agenda of the time: building up a society of human perfection.

scholarly journals Eastern Church Fathers on Being Human—Dichotomy in Essence and Wholeness in Deification

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Olga Chistyakova
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Church Father ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
God's Image ◽  
Maximus The Confessor

The article traces the formation of Eastern Christian anthropology as a new religious and philosophical tradition within the Early Byzantine culture. The notion “Patristics” is reasoned as a corpus of ideas of the Church Fathers, both Eastern and Western. The term “Eastern Patristics” means the works by Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers, who in the theological disputes with the Western Church Fathers elaborated the Christian creed. Based on an analysis of the texts of Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers, the most important provisions of Eastern Patristics are deduced and discussed, which determined the specificity of Christian anthropology. In this context, different approaches of the Eastern Fathers to the explanation of the Old Testament thesis on the creation of man in God’s image and likeness and the justification of the duality of human essence are shown. Particular attention is paid to considering the idea of deification as overcoming the human dualism and the entire created universe, the doctrine of the Divine Logoi as God’s energies, and the potential elimination of the antinomianism of the earthly and Divine worlds. The article reflects the anthropological ideas of the pre-Nicene Church Father Irenaeus, the non-canonical early Christian work The Shepherd of Hermas, and the teachings on the man of the classical Eastern Patristics period by Athanasius of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor.

scholarly journals The Making of a Canon: Impact of the Old Testament Scriptures in the Christian Canon Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Kwaku Boamah
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Church Of Christ ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Christian Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Jewish Scriptures ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church

The formation of the Christian canon was not a one day venture. Some scholars maintain it spanned from the first up to about the fourth centuries. This paper has three main parts: the first draws a linear process of canon generation, beginning from text to scripture and possibly becoming canonical. The second focuses on the creation of the Christian canon by exploring the stages and the implications of naming the canon as `Testaments`. At the heart of the study is a consideration of the use and inclusion or exclusion of the Jewish scripture by Christians as discussed by a heretic (Marcion) and three Anti-heretics (Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and Tertullian) in the 2nd and/or 3rd centuries of the Roman Empire. The third part takes an example of a modern church (Church of Christ) whose reception to the Old Testament is one of skepticism. Furthermore, the level of usage of the Old Testament by the Church of Christ is key for the thesis of this paper. It is, therefore, important to assess a possible relationship between Marcion and the Church of Christ. Historical, theological and an interview are employed to explore these developments. The paper concludes that by the naming of the Christian canon and inclusion of the Jewish scriptures, the Christian identity can be described as Judeo-Christian. This description has impacted Christian formation and development a great deal from antiquity to the modern era. Marcion and his followers did not take this lightly in the first four centuries of the Christian history. On the other hand, in the nineteenth century the Church of Christ seemingly follows this example in antiquity on including the Old Testament as part of the Christian canon.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of Sabbatarianism: Nature, Types, and Brief History

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Tatiana I. Khizhaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Radical Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

The article focuses on the analysis of Sabbatarianism, i.e. on clarifying the meaning of the term, identifying various kinds of this phenomenon, as well as researching its history. The topicality of the work stems from both uncertainty of the definitions of the concept under consideration and the lack of works in Russian religious studies that deal with the problem of Sabbatarianism. During the study the author comes to the conclusion that the term “Sabbatarianism” is polysemantic. First, it implies special attention to the fourth commandment of the Decalogue in the Christian tradition, in which, since the period of the early Church, there were different practices of observing the first and/or the seventh day of the week in the East and West of the Christian world. Second, we call Sabbatarian specific religious movements that emerged in Europe during the Modern Era and had genetic connection with the Reformation. The author divides them into Christian (Protestant) and Judaizing, noting the challenge and even the failure of differentiating between both in some cases. The first type is subdivided, in turn, into the First-day Sabbatarians, who did not constitute a particular religious movement, and the Seventh-day ones, who made up separate Protestant denominations. The secon type includes sects that are guided to varying degrees by the Old Testament texts. The study of the Judaizers’ history reveals that their genesis is correlated to the Radical Reformation. They arose among the Anabaptists, Unitarians and Puritans, forming an ultraradical stream in the religious scene of the Modern Era. At the same time, these movements were often millenarian. The most vivid model of Judaizing Sabbatarianism was the phenomenon of Transylvanian Sabbath keepers, who evolved from the Protestant Anti-Trinitarians to the Orthodox Jews. The paper is the first attempt at a special research on the phenomenon of Sabbatarianism in Russian religious studies. Its results are significant for understanding the history of the Reformation, various religious trends within the latter (especially radical), as well as the relationship between Christianity and Judaism.

scholarly journals New Approaches for Old Testament Preaching

Homiletic ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stark
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Constructive Approach ◽  
New Approaches

Despite numerous developments within homiletics over the last several decades, those who preach the Old Testament often find themselves caught in a 19th century historical-Christological binary. This article analyzes five Old Testament sermons drawn from contemporary homiletic works as potential approaches for freeing the preacher from such a binary. While each sermon presents a distinct option for Old Testament preaching, all five share a common interest in challenging hermeneutics of power, re-envisioning Christology, and portraying the Old Testament as a word that speaks today. These three foci help shape an alternative and constructive approach for the development and evaluation of Old Testament sermons today.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE MEDIATION AS A METHOD OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2019-2025
Author(s):  
Fjolla Kaprolli
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The World

In today's conditions, where economies have open doors all over the world and which conditions operate in the global marketplace, a very important and significant place takes the international trade and the discipline that deals with the study of norms that regulate the way of acting in the international trade for the exchange of goods and services is the International Trade Law. As a result of the liberalization of the world market and as a result of the large number of international trade exchanges of goods and services, the progress and development of enterprises in the national economy, along with the development and advancement of the national economies of the states, proportionally are increasing the importance of this legal discipline. With the exchange of goods and services between subjects in a commercial relationship whether it is a national or international trade exchange and without taking into account the purpose which is to be achieved in that particular commercial relationship, whether it is the sale or purchase of services or goods, are intended to increase their capital. But these cases do not always end with the signing of the legal act and in doing so, with the exchange of goods or services which are the object of that legal act. In these cases, the risk for the appearance of any kind of disputes between the parties is really great. It is not accidental the attempt to escape international trade disputes, which is of common interest to the participants in such trade relations, so that there is as few as possible controversies and disputes between them. But in cases where the interests of buyers and sellers are contradictory, it is pointless to have no disputes at all, so since a dispute cannot be avoided in any way, the same should be resolved. Since judicial procedures in national legislation have a bad background regarding to the inefficiency of case solutions and their unnecessary extensions, theorists and practitioners in recent years have developed several alternative methods for more peaceful and faster solutions to disputes in general and international trade disputes in particular such as arbitration and mediation as two methods that are most important and most often used in practice. The object of this scientific paper firstly will be the elaboration of international trade disputes and then the resolution of disputes that arise in that field by alternative methods of dispute resolution with particular emphasis on the mediation. The implementation of mediation in the resolution of international trade disputes is of special importance for international trade law, it is voluntary and as such during dispute resolution, time is the first aspect and then comes money as the second aspect that are also saved during resolution of disputes through mediation, because mediation provides solution of disputes with small amount of expenses or sometimes it can be said that that amount of expenses look symbolic compared to court expenses.

scholarly journals Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi as Potential Antimicrobial Adjuvants

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Fernando Durães ◽  
Nikoletta Szemerédi ◽  
Decha Kumla ◽  
Madalena Pinto ◽  
Anake Kijjoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Promising Source

Marine-derived fungi constitute an interesting source of bioactive compounds, several of which exhibit antibacterial activity. These acquire special importance, considering that antimicrobial resistance is becoming more widespread. The overexpression of efflux pumps, capable of expelling antimicrobials out of bacterial cells, is one of the most worrisome mechanisms. There has been an ongoing effort to find not only new antimicrobials, but also compounds that can block resistance mechanisms which can be used in combination with approved antimicrobial drugs. In this work, a library of nineteen marine natural products, isolated from marine-derived fungi of the genera Neosartorya and Aspergillus, was evaluated for their potential as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors as well as the antimicrobial-related mechanisms, such as inhibition of biofilm formation and quorum-sensing. Docking studies were performed to predict their efflux pump action. These compounds were also tested for their cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH/3T3. The results obtained suggest that the marine-derived fungal metabolites are a promising source of compounds with potential to revert antimicrobial resistance and serve as an inspiration for the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs.

Innovation Elements in Traditional Chinese Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Jin Chen ◽  
Qingqian Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Late Qing Dynasty ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Chinese Traditional Culture ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Innovation Modes ◽  
Traditional Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals

The conflict between traditional Chinese culture and Western cultures has long been one between an archaic, outdated culture and a modern, new culture. Traditional Chinese culture is deemed synonymous with backwardness, decrepitude, and decadence and doomed with the passage of time, particularly since social Darwinism swept across the late Qing Dynasty and captured the spiritual world of Chinese intellectuals. Despite differences in culture types, both traditional Chinese culture and Western culture contribute to innovative buildup. It is of great significance to deeply explore the innovative factors in traditional Chinese culture and to explore both the modernization road and innovation modes with Chinese characteristics. This chapter analyzes and explores the innovative factors and values in Chinese traditional culture from the aspects of traditional modes of thinking, traditional ideas and beliefs, traditional organizations and institutions, and traditional implementations and technologies.

Philosophical Insights on the Human Being in Greek-Byzantine Patristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Olga V. Chistyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Life Goal ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
Christian Apologetics

The article traces the formation of a new religious and philosophical tradition of consideration of the human being. It was formed in the texts of representatives of Eastern Patristics at the epoch of Trinity and Christology theological discussions in Byzantium from the 4th to 7th centuries. The author presents the early Church Fathers’ ideas of the period of Christian apologetics, who laid the foundation for early medieval Christian anthropology. The work analyzes the significant issues, the solution of which allowed Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers to shape the an­thropological tradition of Eastern Christianity. In particular, the author notes the differences in the justification of the Eastern Church Fathers’ Old Testament point on the creation of man in the God’s image and likeness. The researcher stresses the diversity of concepts about the contradictory nature of the human as­sociated with the confrontation of the soul (spirit) and body. In this context, the principle of antinomianism is deduced as the primary method of theorizing about the person in their relationship with God and the created world. Special at­tention is paid to the Patristics interpretation of the idea of deification, compre­hended as the life goal of an individual, and, at the same time, as a process of re­alization of the highest purpose by unifying two contradictory worlds – Divine and earthly – into one harmonious Universe. Deification is derived as an oppor­tunity to overcome man’s duality and as his righteous path guiding each individ­ual to self-improvement, self-knowledge, and spiritual unity with the Creator. The article is based on the analysis of the sacred texts of Eastern Christianity, specifically by Irenaeus, Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 818-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Bondi ◽  
Emily C. Edmonds ◽  
David P. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Dementia Syndrome ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Modern Era

AbstractAlthough dementia has been described in ancient texts over many centuries (e.g., “Be kind to your father, even if his mind fail him.” – Old Testament: Sirach 3:12), our knowledge of its underlying causes is little more than a century old. Alzheimer published his now famous case study only 110 years ago, and our modern understanding of the disease that bears his name, and its neuropsychological consequences, really only began to accelerate in the 1980s. Since then we have witnessed an explosion of basic and translational research into the causes, characterizations, and possible treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias. We review this lineage of work beginning with Alzheimer’s own writings and drawings, then jump to the modern era beginning in the 1970s and early 1980s and provide a sampling of neuropsychological and other contextual work from each ensuing decade. During the 1980s our field began its foundational studies of profiling the neuropsychological deficits associated with AD and its differentiation from other dementias (e.g., cortical vs. subcortical dementias). The 1990s continued these efforts and began to identify the specific cognitive mechanisms affected by various neuropathologic substrates. The 2000s ushered in a focus on the study of prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disease before the full-blown dementia syndrome (i.e., mild cognitive impairment). The current decade has seen the rise of imaging and other biomarkers to characterize preclinical disease before the development of significant cognitive decline. Finally, we suggest future directions and predictions for dementia-related research and potential therapeutic interventions. (JINS, 2017, 23, 818–831)

scholarly journals KEPEMIMPINAN IDEAL DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN ALKITAB: KAJIAN KOMPARATIF ATAS QS. ALI-IMRAN [3]: 59 DAN SURAT II TIMOTIUS 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Maula Sari
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Holy Book

The purpose of this paper is to provide an explanation of the characteristics of leadership in the Islamic religion which refers to the Koran, and Christianity which refers to the gospel. The research method used will be qualitative and literature. Leadership especially in Indonesia has always been a hot topic in this modern era. So, in Islam and Christianity also discusses the concepts of leadership that have been discussed in the respective scriptures for the sake of the smoothness of a nation, then referring to the holy book itself. Based on the entire discussion in writing, it can be concluded that in Islam That ideal is a good temper and a gentle heart, forgiving and praying, and the common interest is decided together. Meanwhile, according to Christianity, the ideal leader is a guide, who can be trusted, who lives in holiness, who lives in consistency, and leaders who have courage and humility.

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