Information as a Moderator of Accuracy in Personality Judgment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Beer
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social World ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Judgment ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Available Information

People inherently believe that additional information is helpful in making accurate personality judgment, an assertion supported by empirical evidence. This chapter reviews the evidence beginning with the cross-sectional and longitudinal study of accuracy in naturally existing groups and continuing through to laboratory-based experiments involving the intentional manipulation of available information. In doing so, it discusses the process of becoming acquainted with others in our social world and makes suggestions for future avenues of research in this area, including but not limited to more clearly defining acquaintanceship, studying information quantity and quality jointly and separately, and better connecting personality judgment with real-world phenomena.

Equity crowdfunding: US Title II offerings using sentiment analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bree Dority ◽  
Sarah J. Borchers ◽  
Suzanne K. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Market Sentiment ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Concept Of Information

Purpose This study aims to investigate how the language used in US Title II equity crowdfunding campaign descriptions relates to campaign success. Design/methodology/approach Data on >3,200 equity offerings from 12 Title II platforms was obtained from 2013 to 2016. The aspects of the campaign descriptions that are focused on are tone and two measures of readability: information quantity – the amount of information available to the investor and information quality – the ease of understanding of the passage of text. Tobit regressions with sector-clustered standard errors are used for estimation while controlling for company-specific variables, market sentiment and platform, regional, sector and time effects. Results are robust to alternative estimation approaches. Findings Inverse U-shaped relationships exist between information quantity, information quality and tone and Title II equity crowdfunding campaign success. Overall, less is more as it appears that an intermediate level of information – quantity, quality and tone – is optimal in terms of being a factor that contributes to equity crowdfunding campaign success. Originality/value Extends the use of textual analysis to the equity crowdfunding environment in the USA where such analysis is lacking and provides empirical evidence that the language used (e.g. sentiment) in US Title II equity-based crowdfunding campaign descriptions does influence campaign success. It provides empirical evidence of and extends the concept of information overload to the entrepreneurial finance sub-field and indicates tone may be an additional information attribute to consider in this context as contributing to overload.

Firms' Choice of Estimation Parameters: Empirical Evidence from SFAS No. 106

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Amir ◽  
Elizabeth A. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Estimation Parameters

This study explains the cross-sectional variation in firms' selected assumptions (discount rates and health care cost trend rates) used to measure the obligation for postretirement benefits other than pensions (PRB) under SFAS No. 106. Our aim is to examine whether managements manage the reported PRB by choosing either too conservative or too aggressive estimation parameters. In addition, we examine whether investors value the firm's equity based on the cross-section median parameters or based on each firm's selected parameters. We find that firms with relatively larger PRB obligation and more leverage tend to select more aggressive (obligation-reducing) estimation parameters. We also find that firms that amended their PRB plans and firms with extreme earnings-price ratios tend to select more conservative (obligation-increasing) estimation parameters. Finally, we find that investors value the firm's equity using reported rather than adjusted estimation parameters.

Organ Size Increases With Weight Gain in Power-Trained Athletes

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiho Miyauchi ◽  
Satomi Oshima ◽  
Meiko Asaka ◽  
Hiroshi Kawano ◽  
Suguru Torii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to determine whether overfeeding and high-intensity physical training increase organ mass. We examined this question using cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in which we measured collegiate male American football players. Freshman (n = 10) and senior players in their second and third years of college (n = 17) participated in the cross-sectional study. The same measurements of the same freshman players (n = 10) were assessed after the one-year weight gain period in the longitudinal study. Fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue mass were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Liver, kidney, brain, and heart volumes were calculated using magnetic resonance imaging or echocardiography. Compared with the freshman players, the senior players had 10.8 kg more FFM, and 0.29 kg, 0.08 kg, and 0.09 kg greater liver, heart, and kidney mass, respectively. In the longitudinal study, FFM, liver, heart, and kidney mass of the freshman players increased by 5.2 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.04 kg, and 0.04 kg, respectively, after one year of overfeeding and physical training. On the other hand, the organ-tissue mass to FFM ratio did not change, except for the brain, in either the cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. Our results indicated that the organtissue masses increased with overfeeding and physical training in male collegiate American football players.

Knowledge Structure Differences between More Effective and Less Effective Salespeople

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Sujan ◽  
Mita Sujan ◽  
James R. Bettman
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Sales Management ◽  
Knowledge Structure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Marketing Operation ◽  
Over Time

A study of salespeople working for a telephone marketing operation indicates that more effective (above average) salespeople have richer and more interrelated knowledge structures about their customers than do less effective (below average) salespeople in terms of both customer traits and strategies for selling to the customers. No significant differences are found between effective and less effective salespeople on the number of categories used to classify customers. A longitudinal study that tracked entering salespeople over time, from the less effective to the more effective stage, validates the findings of the cross-sectional study. Implications of these findings for sales management practice and the small but growing literature on real-world competence are discussed.

scholarly journals Associations of Gut Microbiota with Osteoporosis in Elderly Chinese: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
Chu-Wen Ling ◽  
Ze-Lei Miao ◽  
Hong-Wei Zhou ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Ju-Sheng Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Objectives The objective was to characterize the gut microbiome in cross-sectional and prospective connection to the development of osteoporosis. Methods The study was embedded in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). Data with 1776 participants for the cross-sectional study was from the second follow-up, 517 participants of whom during the third follow-up (a mean of 3.2 years after the second follow-up) were included in the longitudinal study. Gut microbiota was determined using 16S amplicon sequencing during the second follow-up, while the examination of osteoporosis was performed using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry during the second and third follow-up. We used LDA Effect Size to investigate the cross-sectional association of gut microbiota with osteoporosis and we constructed microbe scores with identified microbe biomarkers and integrated their main functional modules associated with osteoporosis with multiple linear regression. We then examined the association of microbe scores with change in the degree of osteoporosis using logistic regression. Results β-diversity of gut microbiota was associated with osteoporosis. Lumbar spine osteoporosis was associated with 2 genus, while femoral neck osteoporosis was associated with 10 genus. The microbe scores showed cross-sectional positive associations with osteoporosis and the microbe score-osteoporosis associations with same direction were showed in the longitudinal study. The microbiomes of participants with lumbar spine osteoporosis contained more genes that were related to peptidases, while femoral neck osteoporosis was positively associated with transcription machinery. Conclusions These analyses provide the largest and detailed cross-sectional and longitudinal composition and functional profile of the gut microbiome in osteoporosis. Funding Sources National Natural Science Foundation of China, Westlake University and Sun Yat-sen University.

On the cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites in the tunicate Halocynthia papillosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
J.-F. Revol ◽  
Y. Van Daele ◽  
F. Gaill
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Valonia Ventricosa ◽  
C Nmr

The only form of cellulose which could unequivocally be ascribed to the animal kingdom is the tunicin that occurs in the tests of the tunicates. Recently, high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR revealed that tunicin belongs to the Iβ form of cellulose as opposed to the Iα form found in Valonia and bacterial celluloses. The high perfection of the tunicin crystallites led us to study its crosssectional shape and to compare it with the shape of those in Valonia ventricosa (V.v.), the goal being to relate the cross-section of cellulose crystallites with the two allomorphs Iα and Iβ.In the present work the source of tunicin was the test of the ascidian Halocvnthia papillosa (H.p.). Diffraction contrast imaging in the bright field mode was applied on ultrathin sections of the V.v. cell wall and H.p. test with cellulose crystallites perpendicular to the plane of the sections. The electron microscope, a Philips 400T, was operated at 120 kV in a low intensity beam condition.

A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health in Emerging Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica S. Bachmann ◽  
Hansjörg Znoj ◽  
Katja Haemmerli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Health Model

Emerging adulthood is a time of instability. This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between mental health and need satisfaction among emerging adults over a period of five years and focused on gender-specific differences. Two possible causal models were examined: (1) the mental health model, which predicts that incongruence is due to the presence of impaired mental health at an earlier point in time; (2) the consistency model, which predicts that impaired mental health is due to a higher level of incongruence reported at an earlier point in time. Emerging adults (N = 1,017) aged 18–24 completed computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2003 (T1), 2005 (T2), and 2008 (T3). The results indicate that better mental health at T1 predicts a lower level of incongruence two years later (T2), when prior level of incongruence is controlled for. The same cross-lagged effect is shown for T3. However, the cross-lagged paths from incongruence to mental health are marginally associated when prior mental health is controlled for. No gender differences were found in the cross-lagged model. The results support the mental health model and show that incongruence does not have a long-lasting negative effect on mental health. The results highlight the importance of identifying emerging adults with poor mental health early to provide support regarding need satisfaction.

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