Artificial Intelligence

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Proudfoot ◽  
B. Jack Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Computing Machinery ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Normative Constraints ◽  
Turing's Test

In this article the central philosophical issues concerning human-level artificial intelligence (AI) are presented. AI largely changed direction in the 1980s and 1990s, concentrating on building domain-specific systems and on sub-goals such as self-organization, self-repair, and reliability. Computer scientists aimed to construct intelligence amplifiers for human beings, rather than imitation humans. Turing based his test on a computer-imitates-human game, describing three versions of this game in 1948, 1950, and 1952. The famous version appears in a 1950 article inMind, ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (Turing 1950). The interpretation of Turing's test is that it provides an operational definition of intelligence (or thinking) in machines, in terms of behavior. ‘Intelligent Machinery’ sets out the thesis that whether an entity is intelligent is determined in part by our responses to the entity's behavior. Wittgenstein frequently employed the idea of a human being acting like a reliable machine. A ‘living reading-machine’ is a human being or other creature that is given written signs, for example Chinese characters, arithmetical symbols, logical symbols, or musical notation, and who produces text spoken aloud, solutions to arithmetical problems, and proofs of logical theorems. Wittgenstein mentions that an entity that manipulates symbols genuinely reads only if he or she has a particular history, involving learning and training, and participates in a social environment that includes normative constraints and further uses of the symbols.

Artificial intelligence: criminal and procedural aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Igor I. Kartashov ◽  
Ivan I. Kartashov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Advice ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Expert ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Learning

For millennia, mankind has dreamed of creating an artificial creature capable of thinking and acting “like human beings”. These dreams are gradually starting to come true. The trends in the development of modern so-ciety, taking into account the increasing level of its informatization, require the use of new technologies for information processing and assistance in de-cision-making. Expanding the boundaries of the use of artificial intelligence requires not only the establishment of ethical restrictions, but also gives rise to the need to promptly resolve legal problems, including criminal and proce-dural ones. This is primarily due to the emergence and spread of legal expert systems that predict the decision on a particular case, based on a variety of parameters. Based on a comprehensive study, we formulate a definition of artificial intelligence suitable for use in law. It is proposed to understand artificial intelligence as systems capable of interpreting the received data, making optimal decisions on their basis using self-learning (adaptation). The main directions of using artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings are: search and generalization of judicial practice; legal advice; preparation of formalized documents or statistical reports; forecasting court decisions; predictive jurisprudence. Despite the promise of using artificial intelligence, there are a number of problems associated with a low level of reliability in predicting rare events, self-excitation of the system, opacity of the algorithms and architecture used, etc.

Moral Theory and Divine Justice

2017 ◽  
pp. 87-127
Author(s):  
Hussein Ali Abdulsater
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Divine Sovereignty ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Point Of Departure

This chapter investigates the position of human beings in this theological system. Its point of departure is a definition of the human being, from which it develops an understanding of human agency in relation to God and the world. Divine assistance (luṭf) is highlighted as the bridge between human autonomy and divine sovereignty. Following is an elaborate description of religious experience: its origins, justification, relevant parties, responsibilities and characteristics. The concept of moral obligation (taklīf) is shown to be the cornerstone of Murtaḍā’s theory on religion. The chapter is divided into three sub-headings: The Human Being; Justification of Moral Obligation; Characteristics of Moral Obligation.

Artificial Intelligences Are Subsets of Human Beings, Mainly in Fictions and Films

2021 ◽  
pp. 598-618
Author(s):  
Nandini Sen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Emotional Quotient ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Ai Ethics

This chapter aims to create new knowledge regarding artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and relevant subjects while reviewing ethical relationship between human beings and AI/robotics and linking between the moral fabric or the ethical issues of AI as used in fictions and films. It carefully analyses how a human being will love robot and vice versa. Here, fictions and films are not just about technology but about their feelings and the nature of bonding between AIs and the human race. Ordinary human beings distrust and then start to like AIs. However, if the AI becomes a rogue as seen in many fictions and films, then the AI is taken down to avoid the destruction of the human beings. Scientists like Turing are champions of robot/AI's feelings. Fictional and movie AIs are developed to keenly watch and comprehend humans. These actions are so close to empathy they amount to consciousness and emotional quotient.

Artificial Intelligence in International Arbitration

2020 ◽  
pp. 590-616
Author(s):  
Myriam Gicquello
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter assesses the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration. The contention is that it would not only reinstate confidence in the arbitral system—from the perspective of the parties and the general public—and participate in the development of the rule of law, but also engage with broader systemic considerations in enhancing its legitimacy, fairness, and efficiency. Yet, before addressing the why, what, and how of this proposition, a definition of artificial intelligence is warranted. It should be noted at the outset that this concept has a variety of meanings. Despite the lack of consensus on its meaning, the chapter will thus treat artificial intelligence as encompassing both semi-autonomous and autonomous computer systems dedicated to assisting or replacing human beings in decision-making tasks. It presents the conclusions of two extensive research programs respectively dealing with the performance of statistical models and naturalistic decision-making. From that behavioural analysis, the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration be discussed against the general considerations of international adjudication and the specific goals pertaining to international arbitration.

scholarly journals The Vatican Opinion on Gender Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 002436392093311
Author(s):  
Julio Tudela ◽  
Enrique Burguete ◽  
Justo Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Prestigious Journal ◽  
Faith And Reason ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Catholic Church

This article is a reasoned response to the article by Timothy F. Murphy, recently published in the prestigious journal Bioethics, on the supposed opposition between the views of the Catholic Church and what he calls “contemporary science” in relation to certain anthropological issues linked to the gender perspective. To point to “the Vatican” as anchored in an unscientific and anachronistic position, using the term contemporary science to which he attributes a unanimous representation of current scientific thinking on the subject is, in our view, unfounded and completely unacceptable. In his reflection, he does not adequately distinguish between intersex and transgenderism, two clearly different realities with different needs. The author defends the obsolescence of the binary sex/gender model that, in his view, “betrays human sexuality.” Furthermore, he does so without providing a plausible justification or a definition of human nature that is able to support the plurality and indeterminacy of sexual conditions, without falling back on untenable dualisms or relativism devoid of scientific objectivity. In our response, we highlight how the dialogue between Faith and Reason, as developed in the recent Magisterium of the Catholic Church, is essential to explain nature, the human being and, in general, all creations. Finally, contemporary science does not provide a monolithic and unquestionable view of the nature of human beings and their sexual identity, as the author claims, with many scientists confirming evidence of a binary human sexuality genetically and phenotypically determined. Summary This paper is a reasoned response to the supposed opposition between the views of the Catholic Church and “contemporary science” in relation to certain anthropological issues linked to the gender perspective.The dialogue between Faith and Reason, as developed in the recent Magisterium of the Catholic Church, is essential to explain nature, the human being and, in general, all creation, against the opinion of those who defend the obsolescence of the binary sex/gender model that, in their view, “betrays human sexuality”.

From Russian Icaria to Russian Cosmism

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Fedor I. Girenok
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Universe

In the article the author analyzes the phenomenon of Russian cosmism and shows its difference from other possible varieties of cosmism. The author understands Russian cosmism as the idea of extending the definition of the universe by the human beings. A human being doesn’t simply have his place in history, on the Earth and in space, but also broadens it by means of his material and spiritual actions. The idea of the world broadening was popular among Russian naturalists in the 19th and the 20th centuries. The most prominent figures among the Russian cosmism followers were N.F. Fedorov and K. E. Tsiolkovsky. The author distinguishes three directions in the history of Russian cosmism – religious, natural-scientific and artistic-poetical. According to the author, only after Gagarin’s space flight the idea of Russian Icaria transferred itself into Russian cosmism. The article studies the sources of Russian cosmism and explains the meaning of anthropocosmism. The author arrives at the conclusion that Russian cosmism offers its own approach to solving modern global problems that differs from the ideas in the reports to the Roman club.

Erschöpftes Bewusstsein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Otte
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Normative Behavior ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Integrity

Almost 200 years have passed since the publication of E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann and Alex Garland's science fiction film Ex Machina. And yet both ask amazingly similar questions about human integrity in the face of artificial intelligence. The humanoid machines act as objects of reflection, from which it can be seen that the essence of human beings is always only contoured in an omnipresent network of power relations and by imitating normative behavior patterns. These power relations and performative acts are discussed in more detail in this work, among other things, by referring back to the concepts of panoptism and performativity. Posthuman subjects are thus negotiated as both a danger and an enlightenment for the human being.

scholarly journals Can Artworks by Artificial Intelligence be Artworks?

2019 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Yeonsook Park
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Networks ◽  
Rutgers University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Phase

The thinking power of Homo sapiens made human beings the lord of all creation. The ability to reason is also the premise of human existence. We, however, now know that this is not confined only to human but to Artificial Intelligence. Over the history of humankind, human beings have attempted to create an immortal being that could surpass their abilities and complements their inferiorities. We are making something immortal and transcendent, which are different properties from our own. Artificial Intelligence may be able to evolve on its own like humans have been doing. As a kind of numerical being, humans are able to be omnipresent with the technology provided. This new kind of existence makes us think about and see things differently. Humans are attempting to create ‘beings’ that can generate art, take care of weak human beings, talk and discuss human issues, and even fall in love with humans. As our minds can run beyond the boundaries created by our body limitations, we would like to infuse our creativity into AI that might evolve from its original state. Similar to what Prometheus did, humans are attempting to share their legacy with another existence. Recently a research team from Rutgers University in New Jersey proposed a system named CAN: Creative Adversarial Networks for generating art with creative characteristics. The team demonstrated a realization of this system based on a novel, creative adversarial network. Their proposed system possesses the ability to produce novel artworks which make people believe human artists produced them. The data the team proposes proves that AI now attempts to do something considered as a creative activity. With this research, the definition of art should be reconsidered. Since the Fountain(1917) by Duchamp, open concepts toward artworks have been embraced by many artists and their colleagues. However, it is time to contemplate the new phase. When we regard something as artwork, should it be created, selected, and combined by human beings? Is it possible that the thing that is accepted as artwork by people can be art? This paper seeks to propose several opinions regarding these questions. Article received: June 23, 2019; Article accepted: July 6, 2019; Published online: October 15, 2019; Review articleHow to cite this article: Park, Yeonsook. "Can Artworks by Artificial Intelligence be Artworks?" AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 20 (2019): 113-121. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i20.332

Patenting Human Beings: Do Sub-Human Creatures Deserve Constitutional Protection?

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-482
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Constitutional Protection ◽  
Patentable Subject Matter ◽  
Definition Of

The availability of patents for genetically altered animals raises questions about the patentability of human beings. Genetic research will produce beings who fall halfway between what we currently think of as “animal” and “human.” It is unclear on which side of the legal line these creatures will fall. In April 1988, Congress revised the Patent Act with a statement that human beings are not to be considered patentable subject matter. Congress, however, failed to supply a definition of the term “human being.” A definition will clarify the legal status of sub-human creatures. The author addresses this problem and proposes a definition of “human being” as an amendment to the Patent Act.

Artificial Intelligence Leadership

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Mustafa Canbek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Managerial Roles ◽  
Henry Mintzberg ◽  
Shed Light

New developments in technology may cause massive changes in the organizational and managerial contexts as well as daily life. The aim of the research is to discuss how AI may affect the future of business life in respect to leadership and management. Additionally, questioning the possibility of artificial intelligence leadership. For this purpose, AI will be evaluated with regard to managerial roles defined by Henry Mintzberg. Evaluation of the managerial roles within the scope of AI leads us to think that AI will have a rich potential to lead and manage human beings. According to capabilities of AI, it can be suggested that AI might produce better results than human beings in the context of the managerial roles. AI leadership discussion gives a chance to shed light on today's management practices in a critical manner by comparing imagined AI with human being managers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document