Artificial Intelligences Are Subsets of Human Beings, Mainly in Fictions and Films

2021 ◽  
pp. 598-618
Author(s):  
Nandini Sen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Emotional Quotient ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Ai Ethics

This chapter aims to create new knowledge regarding artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and relevant subjects while reviewing ethical relationship between human beings and AI/robotics and linking between the moral fabric or the ethical issues of AI as used in fictions and films. It carefully analyses how a human being will love robot and vice versa. Here, fictions and films are not just about technology but about their feelings and the nature of bonding between AIs and the human race. Ordinary human beings distrust and then start to like AIs. However, if the AI becomes a rogue as seen in many fictions and films, then the AI is taken down to avoid the destruction of the human beings. Scientists like Turing are champions of robot/AI's feelings. Fictional and movie AIs are developed to keenly watch and comprehend humans. These actions are so close to empathy they amount to consciousness and emotional quotient.

The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Control Complex

This book explores the intertwining domains of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics—two highly divergent fields which at first seem to have nothing to do with one another. AI is a collection of computational methods for studying human knowledge, learning, and behavior, including by building agents able to know, learn, and behave. Ethics is a body of human knowledge—far from completely understood—that helps agents (humans today, but perhaps eventually robots and other AIs) decide how they and others should behave. Despite these differences, however, the rapid development in AI technology today has led to a growing number of ethical issues in a multitude of fields, ranging from disciplines as far-reaching as international human rights law to issues as intimate as personal identity and sexuality. In fact, the number and variety of topics in this volume illustrate the width, diversity of content, and at times exasperating vagueness of the boundaries of “AI Ethics” as a domain of inquiry. Within this discourse, the book points to the capacity of sociotechnical systems that utilize data-driven algorithms to classify, to make decisions, and to control complex systems. Given the wide-reaching and often intimate impact these AI systems have on daily human lives, this volume attempts to address the increasingly complicated relations between humanity and artificial intelligence. It considers not only how humanity must conduct themselves toward AI but also how AI must behave toward humanity.

scholarly journals Ethics as a Service: A Pragmatic Operationalisation of AI Ethics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Morley ◽  
Anat Elhalal ◽  
Francesca Garcia ◽  
Libby Kinsey ◽  
Jakob Mökander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Codes ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Ethical Design ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Algorithmic Design ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Technical Guidance ◽  
Tools And Methods

AbstractAs the range of potential uses for Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular machine learning (ML), has increased, so has awareness of the associated ethical issues. This increased awareness has led to the realisation that existing legislation and regulation provides insufficient protection to individuals, groups, society, and the environment from AI harms. In response to this realisation, there has been a proliferation of principle-based ethics codes, guidelines and frameworks. However, it has become increasingly clear that a significant gap exists between the theory of AI ethics principles and the practical design of AI systems. In previous work, we analysed whether it is possible to close this gap between the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of AI ethics through the use of tools and methods designed to help AI developers, engineers, and designers translate principles into practice. We concluded that this method of closure is currently ineffective as almost all existing translational tools and methods are either too flexible (and thus vulnerable to ethics washing) or too strict (unresponsive to context). This raised the question: if, even with technical guidance, AI ethics is challenging to embed in the process of algorithmic design, is the entire pro-ethical design endeavour rendered futile? And, if no, then how can AI ethics be made useful for AI practitioners? This is the question we seek to address here by exploring why principles and technical translational tools are still needed even if they are limited, and how these limitations can be potentially overcome by providing theoretical grounding of a concept that has been termed ‘Ethics as a Service.’

scholarly journals Ethics of Corporeal, Co-present Robots as Agents of Influence: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJung Moon ◽  
Shalaleh Rismani ◽  
H. F. Machiel Van der Loos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize the set of roboethics issues that uniquely arise due to the corporeality and physical interaction modalities afforded by robots, irrespective of the degree of artificial intelligence present in the system. Recent Findings One of the recent trends in the discussion of ethics of emerging technologies has been the treatment of roboethics issues as those of “embodied AI,” a subset of AI ethics. In contrast to AI, however, robots leverage human’s natural tendency to be influenced by our physical environment. Recent work in human-robot interaction highlights the impact a robot’s presence, capacity to touch, and move in our physical environment has on people, and helping to articulate the ethical issues particular to the design of interactive robotic systems. Summary The corporeality of interactive robots poses unique sets of ethical challenges. These issues should be considered in the design irrespective of and in addition to the ethics of artificial intelligence implemented in them.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keng Siau ◽  
Weiyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technology has achieved many great things, such as facial recognition, medical diagnosis, and self-driving cars. AI promises enormous benefits for economic growth, social development, as well as human well-being and safety improvement. However, the low-level of explainability, data biases, data security, data privacy, and ethical problems of AI-based technology pose significant risks for users, developers, humanity, and societies. As AI advances, one critical issue is how to address the ethical and moral challenges associated with AI. Even though the concept of “machine ethics” was proposed around 2006, AI ethics is still in the infancy stage. AI ethics is the field related to the study of ethical issues in AI. To address AI ethics, one needs to consider the ethics of AI and how to build ethical AI. Ethics of AI studies the ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations that are related to AI. Ethical AI is an AI that performs and behaves ethically. One must recognize and understand the potential ethical and moral issues that may be caused by AI to formulate the necessary ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations for AI (i.e., Ethics of AI). With the appropriate ethics of AI, one can then build AI that exhibits ethical behavior (i.e., Ethical AI). This paper will discuss AI ethics by looking at the ethics of AI and ethical AI. What are the perceived ethical and moral issues with AI? What are the general and common ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations that can resolve or at least attenuate these ethical and moral issues with AI? What are some of the necessary features and characteristics of an ethical AI? How to adhere to the ethics of AI to build ethical AI?

A Short Introduction to the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
S. Matthew Liao
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Bad Data

This introduction outlines in section I.1 some of the key issues in the study of the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) and proposes ways to take these discussions further. Section I.2 discusses key concepts in AI, machine learning, and deep learning. Section I.3 considers ethical issues that arise because current machine learning is data hungry; is vulnerable to bad data and bad algorithms; is a black box that has problems with interpretability, explainability, and trust; and lacks a moral sense. Section I.4 discusses ethical issues that arise because current machine learning systems may be working too well and human beings can be vulnerable in the presence of these intelligent systems. Section I.5 examines ethical issues arising out of the long-term impact of superintelligence such as how the values of a superintelligent AI can be aligned with human values. Section I.6 presents an overview of the essays in this volume.

Erschöpftes Bewusstsein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Otte
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Normative Behavior ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Integrity

Almost 200 years have passed since the publication of E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann and Alex Garland's science fiction film Ex Machina. And yet both ask amazingly similar questions about human integrity in the face of artificial intelligence. The humanoid machines act as objects of reflection, from which it can be seen that the essence of human beings is always only contoured in an omnipresent network of power relations and by imitating normative behavior patterns. These power relations and performative acts are discussed in more detail in this work, among other things, by referring back to the concepts of panoptism and performativity. Posthuman subjects are thus negotiated as both a danger and an enlightenment for the human being.

scholarly journals Medicine and the rise of the robots: a qualitative review of recent advances of artificial intelligence in health

BMJ Leader ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Loh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Current Strength ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Advanced Robotics

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly transform the role of the doctor and revolutionise the practice of medicine. This qualitative review paper summarises the past 12 months of health research in AI, across different medical specialties, and discusses the current strengths as well as challenges, relating to this emerging technology. Doctors, especially those in leadership roles, need to be aware of how quickly AI is advancing in health, so that they are ready to lead the change required for its adoption by the health system. Key points: ‘AI has now been shown to be as effective as humans in the diagnosis of various medical conditions, and in some cases, more effective.’ When it comes to predicting suicide attempts, recent research suggest AI is better than human beings. ‘AI’s current strength is in its ability to learn from a large dataset and recognise patterns that can be used to diagnose conditions, putting it in direct competition with medical specialties that are involved in diagnostic tests that involve pattern recognition, such as pathology and radiology’. The current challenges in AI include legal liability and attribution of negligence when errors occur, and the ethical issues relating to patient choices. ‘AI systems can also be developed with, or learn, biases, that will need to be identified and mitigated’. As doctors and health leaders, we need to start preparing the profession to be supported by, partnered with, and, in future, potentially be replaced by, AI and advanced robotics systems.

Artificial Intelligence Leadership

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Mustafa Canbek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Managerial Roles ◽  
Henry Mintzberg ◽  
Shed Light

New developments in technology may cause massive changes in the organizational and managerial contexts as well as daily life. The aim of the research is to discuss how AI may affect the future of business life in respect to leadership and management. Additionally, questioning the possibility of artificial intelligence leadership. For this purpose, AI will be evaluated with regard to managerial roles defined by Henry Mintzberg. Evaluation of the managerial roles within the scope of AI leads us to think that AI will have a rich potential to lead and manage human beings. According to capabilities of AI, it can be suggested that AI might produce better results than human beings in the context of the managerial roles. AI leadership discussion gives a chance to shed light on today's management practices in a critical manner by comparing imagined AI with human being managers.

Quodlibet IX

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-126
Author(s):  
Turner Nevitt ◽  
Brian Davies
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Race

This chapter presents Thomas Aquinas’s Quodlibet II, which dates from his second Parisian regency (the second time Aquinas functioned as a master in Paris). It contains Aquinas’s answers questions about Christ, angels, and human beings. Specifically, the questions deal with Christ: Was Christ numerically the same human being during the three days he was dead? Would any of Christ’s suffering have been enough to redeem the human race without his death?; the composition of angels: Is an angel substantially composed of essence and existence? Is there a difference between an angelic subject and its nature?; the time of the movement of angels; virtues related to divine matters; virtues related to human matters; sins; punishments for sins; and forgiveness of sins.

scholarly journals Organisational responses to the ethical issues of artificial intelligence

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Carsten Stahl ◽  
Josephina Antoniou ◽  
Mark Ryan ◽  
Kevin Macnish ◽  
Tilimbe Jiya
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Case Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Work

AbstractThe ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) is a widely discussed topic. There are numerous initiatives that aim to develop the principles and guidance to ensure that the development, deployment and use of AI are ethically acceptable. What is generally unclear is how organisations that make use of AI understand and address these ethical issues in practice. While there is an abundance of conceptual work on AI ethics, empirical insights are rare and often anecdotal. This paper fills the gap in our current understanding of how organisations deal with AI ethics by presenting empirical findings collected using a set of ten case studies and providing an account of the cross-case analysis. The paper reviews the discussion of ethical issues of AI as well as mitigation strategies that have been proposed in the literature. Using this background, the cross-case analysis categorises the organisational responses that were observed in practice. The discussion shows that organisations are highly aware of the AI ethics debate and keen to engage with ethical issues proactively. However, they make use of only a relatively small subsection of the mitigation strategies proposed in the literature. These insights are of importance to organisations deploying or using AI, to the academic AI ethics debate, but maybe most valuable to policymakers involved in the current debate about suitable policy developments to address the ethical issues raised by AI.

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