Extended Cognition

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-40
Author(s):  
Julian Kiverstein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Clear Winner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Embodied Cognitive Science ◽  
Extended Theories

The debates within 4E cognitive science surrounding extended cognition turn on competing ontological conceptions of cognitive processes. The embedded theory (henceforth EMT) and the family of extended theories of cognition (henceforth EXT) disagree about what it is for a state or process to count as cognitive. Advocates of EMT continue to interpret the concept of cognition along more or less traditional lines as being constituted by computational, rule-based operations carried out on internal representational structures that carry information about the world. EXT by contrast argues that bodily actions, and the environmental resources that agents act upon, can under certain conditions count as constituent parts of a cognitive process. I show how the debate between functionalist EXT and EMT ends in deadlock without any clear winner. I finish up by looking to radical embodied cognitive science for an alternative ontology of cognition that can provide grounds for favoring EXT over EMT.

scholarly journals Is Having Your Computer Compromised a Personal Assault? The Ethics of Extended Cognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ADAM CARTER ◽  
S. ORESTIS PALERMOS
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Legal Cases

ABSTRACT:Philosophy of mind and cognitive science (e.g., Clark and Chalmers 1998; Clark 2010; Palermos 2014) have recently become increasingly receptive to the hypothesis of extended cognition, according to which external artifacts such as our laptops and smartphones can—under appropriate circumstances—feature as material realizers of a person's cognitive processes. We argue that, to the extent that the hypothesis of extended cognition is correct, our legal and ethical theorizing and practice must be updated by broadening our conception of personal assault so as to include intentional harm toward gadgets that have been appropriately integrated. We next situate the theoretical case for extended personal assault within the context of some recent ethical and legal cases and close with critical discussion.

Extended Epistemology

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Moral Ethics ◽  
Cognitive Environment

One of the most important research programs in contemporary cognitive science is that of extended cognition. In this area of study, features of a subject’s cognitive environment can, in certain conditions, become constituent parts of the cognitive process itself. The aim of this volume is to explore the epistemological ramifications of this idea. The book brings together papers written by a range of distinguished and emerging academics, from a variety of different perspectives, to investigate the very idea of an extended epistemology. The first part of the volume explores foundational issues with regard to an extended epistemology as well as from a critical perspective. The second part of the volume examines the applications of this idea, and the new theoretical directions that it might take us. These include the relevance of Chinese philosophy, the ethical ramifications of extended epistemology, and its import to the epistemology of education, moral ethics, and emerging digital technologies.

The Research and Application of Innovative Approaches Based on Cognitive Processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 566-570
Author(s):  
Huan Huan Su ◽  
Chang Qing Gao ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Er Hu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Mind

Conceptual design is the most innovative stages in the life cycle of product development, and its process consists of a large number of cognitive activities. Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary research emerging science of nature and law of the mind and intelligence. In order to get the creative thinking effectively in the product innovation process, the cognitive science and creative thinking of thinking psychology and the inventive problem solving method which is based on the law of engineering and technical development must be organically combined, to stimulate the thinking of designers and achieve the product innovation design rapidly. A method based on the cognitive process to solve the innovation problem is presented in this paper. TRIZ and cognitive process are combined organically. The cognitive processes of TRIZ problem-solving are also described in this paper, and an instance of the beam extraction machine is given.

Analyzing Stochastic Dependence of Cognitive Processes in Multidimensional Source Recognition

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Stochastic Dependence ◽  
New Model ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tree Models ◽  
Flexible Framework

Stochastic dependence among cognitive processes can be modeled in different ways, and the family of multinomial processing tree models provides a flexible framework for analyzing stochastic dependence among discrete cognitive states. This article presents a multinomial model of multidimensional source recognition that specifies stochastic dependence by a parameter for the joint retrieval of multiple source attributes together with parameters for stochastically independent retrieval. The new model is equivalent to a previous multinomial model of multidimensional source memory for a subset of the parameter space. An empirical application illustrates the advantages of the new multinomial model of joint source recognition. The new model allows for a direct comparison of joint source retrieval across conditions, it avoids statistical problems due to inflated confidence intervals and does not imply a conceptual imbalance between source dimensions. Model selection criteria that take model complexity into account corroborate the new model of joint source recognition.

Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152098549
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

scholarly journals Development of training method for vessel traffic service based on cognitive process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbing Song ◽  
Hiroko Itoh ◽  
Yasumi Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
International Association ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Maritime Traffic

AbstractVessel traffic service (VTS) is important to protect the safety of maritime traffic. Along with the expansion of monitoring area per VTS operator in Tokyo Bay, Japan, inexperienced operators must acquire the ability to quickly and accurately detect conditions that requires attention (CRAs) from a monitoring screen. In our previous study (Song B, Itoh H, Kawamura Y, Fukuto J (2018) Analysis of Cognitive Processes of Operators of Vessel Traffic Service. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International Association of Institutes of Navigation. IAIN 2018, pp 529–534, Song et al., J Jpn Inst Navig 140:48–54, 2019), we established a task analysis method based on the assumption that the cognitive process model consists of three stages: “situational awareness”, “situation judgment”, and “decision making”. A simulation experiment was conducted for VTS operators with different levels of ability and their cognitive processes were compared based on the observation of eye movements. The results showed that the inexperienced operators’ abilities to predict situation changes were lower. And it was considered that oral transmission of the knowledge is difficult, thus new training methods are needed to help the inexperienced operators to understand the prediction methods of experienced operators. In this study, based on the cognitive process of an experienced operator, we analyzed the prediction procedures of situation changes and developed an educational tool called vessel traffic routine (VTR). The training method learning VTR aims to quickly improve inexperienced VTS operators’ abilities to predict situation changes. A simulation verification experiment of the VTR effect was conducted for four inexperienced operators, who were divided into two groups with and without prior explanation of VTR. By evaluating the cognitive processes of inexperienced operators, it was confirmed that those given prior explanations of VTR were better at detecting CRAs.

Translation teams as cognitive systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-327
Author(s):  
Richard Pleijel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Cognitive Artifacts ◽  
Archival Material

Abstract This paper aims to bring research on different forms of group-level cognition into conversation with Cognitive Translation Studies (CTS), the focal point of the paper being cognitive processes in translation teams. It is argued that an analysis of cognition in translation teams, which exhibit the properties of a cognitive system, needs to be placed on group-level. A case study of a team, translating the Hebrew Bible Book of Psalms into Swedish in the 1980’s, is presented. The empirical base for the case study consists of archival material in the form of draft translations and paratexts. The methodological question is thus raised whether, and if so in what way, cognitive processes may be analyzed retrospectively, and not only from a real time perspective. By treating the archival material as cognitive artifacts which have constituted an integral part of the team’s cognitive process, the question is tentatively answered in a favourable way. This, it is finally argued, opens up interesting possibilities for joining CTS with translator archives research, Genetic Translation Studies (GTS), and cognitive archeology.

Transdiagnostic Cognitive Processes in Chronic Pain and Comorbid PTSD and Depression in Veterans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A Day ◽  
Rhonda M Williams ◽  
Aaron P Turner ◽  
Dawn M Ehde ◽  
Mark P Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Depression Scales ◽  
Ptsd Group

Abstract Background Chronic pain in Veterans is a major problem compounded by comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Adopting a transdiagnostic framework to understanding “shared territory” among these diagnoses has the potential to inform our understanding of the underlying cognitive processes and mechanisms that transverse diagnostic boundaries. Purpose To examine the associations between pain-related cognitive processes (diversion, distancing, absorption, and openness), pain intensity, PTSD and depressive symptoms, and the extent to which Veterans with chronic pain with and without comorbid PTSD and depression engage in different/similar pain-related cognitive processes. Methods Secondary analysis of pretreatment data with a subsample (n = 147) of Veterans with chronic pain from a larger clinical trial. Pretreatment PCL-5 and PROMIS Depression scales were used to categorize participants into three groups: (a) Pain-only; (b) Pain-PTSD; and (c) Pain-PTSD-DEP. Results Compared to the Pain-only group, the Pain-PTSD and Pain-PTSD-DEP groups reported significantly greater pain intensity, PTSD and depressive symptoms, and ruminative pain absorption. The Pain-PTSD-DEP group had significantly lower pain diversion and pain openness scores. When diversion and openness were used within the Pain-PTSD-DEP group, however, they were both associated with lower pain intensity and openness was additionally associated with lower PTSD scores. However, in the Pain-PTSD group, pain openness was associated with higher depression scores. Conclusions Across increasing complexity of comorbidity profiles (i.e., one vs. two comorbid conditions), ruminative absorption with pain emerged as a cognitive process that transverses diagnoses and contributes to worse outcomes. Nonjudgmental acceptance may not be universally beneficial, potentially depending upon the nature of comorbidity profiles.

Are the Dimensions Underlying Aesthetic and Affective Judgment the Same?

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Baltissen ◽  
Barbara-Maria Ostermann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Emotional Factor ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Affective Judgment ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Emotional Pictures ◽  
Main Factor

To investigate whether aesthetic and affective judgment are similar, ninety-six subjects rated twenty-four art pictures varying in theme and date of creation as well as twenty-three emotion inducing slides (IAPS) representing different emotional qualities on nine bipolar 8-point scales, e.g., warm-cold, meaningful-not meaningful. Factor analyses performed separately for each picture set revealed two basic dimensions, named cognitive and emotional factors, explaining about 60 percent of the variance. In the case of artworks, the dominant factor was constituted by cognitive scales (meaningful, interesting, simple); regarding the affective slides, the main factor was constituted by emotional scales (warm, emotional, arousing). ANOVAs confirmed the expected differences between themes and date of creation for the art picture as well as the differences between emotional qualities of the IAPS for both, the cognitive and the emotional factor. Proportion of variance of the ratings explained by gender, age, and education was low. Overall, results suggest that looking at art objects is a predominantly cognitive process requiring understanding whereas looking at emotional pictures evokes feelings with cognitive processes being only marginally involved.

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