Śāntideva’s Impartialist Ethics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
Cluster View

Of all the Buddhist teachers whose writings have come down to us, only Śāntideva has yet been shown to have engaged in sustained, general theoretical reflection about ethics. Śāntideva offers a radical critique of the rationality of most emotions, similar in some ways to that of the Stoics. His overall view has important similarities with utilitarianism; and he offers philosophical arguments for a distinctively utilitarian form of impartiality. Śāntideva quotes scriptures that make hyperbolic and implausible claims about the relative value of different practices; it may be possible to interpret these passages in terms of the lexical priority of some values over others. He also tells us that the various Buddhist virtues reinforce and sustain each other. These claims could be used to construct a homeostatic cluster view of well-being.

Talk or Walk? Gait Speed over Self-Report in Association with Cognitive Speed in Healthy Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Costello ◽  
Shane J. Sizemore ◽  
Kimberly E. O’Brien ◽  
Lydia K. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Cognitive Speed ◽  
Age Range

Abstract. This study explores the relative value of both subjectively reported cognitive speed and gait speed in association with objectively derived cognitive speed. It also explores how these factors are affected by psychological and physical well-being. A group of 90 cognitively healthy older adults ( M = 73.38, SD = 8.06 years, range = 60–89 years) were tested in a three-task cognitive battery to determine objective cognitive speed as well as measures of gait speed, well-being, and subjective cognitive speed. Analyses indicated that gait speed was associated with objective cognitive speed to a greater degree than was subjective report, the latter being more closely related to well-being than to objective cognitive speed. These results were largely invariant across the 30-year age range of our older adult sample.

Guilty Pleasure No More

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Nabi ◽  
Debora Pérez Torres ◽  
Abby Prestin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Management ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Managing Stress

Abstract. Despite the substantial attention paid to stress management in the extant coping literature, media use has been surprisingly overlooked as a strategy worthy of close examination. Although media scholars have suggested media use may be driven by a need to relax, related research has been sporadic and, until recently, disconnected from the larger conversation about stress management. The present research aimed to determine the relative value of media use within the broader range of coping strategies. Based on surveys of both students and breast cancer patients, media use emerged as one of the most frequently selected strategies for managing stress across a range of personality and individual difference variables. Further, heavier television consumers and those with higher perceived stress were also more likely to use media for coping purposes. Finally, those who choose media for stress management reported it to be an effective tool, although perhaps not as effective as other popular strategies. This research not only documents the centrality of media use in the corpus of stress management techniques, thus highlighting the value of academic inquiry into media-based coping, but it also offers evidence supporting the positive role media use can play in promoting psychological well-being.

Consequentialism as an Intergenerational Ethic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Mulgan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
The World ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Intergenerational Ethics ◽  
Human Extinction

Consequentialist morality is about making the world a better place—by promoting value and producing valuable outcomes. Consequentialist ethics competes with non-consequentialist alternatives where values are to be honored or instantiated rather than promoted and/or where morality is based on rules, virtues, or rights rather than values. Consequentialism’s main rivals in intergenerational ethics are contract-based theories. This chapter first argues that consequentialism has significant comparative advantages over its contract-based rivals, especially in relation to non-identity, the absence of reciprocity, and the need for flexibility and radical critique. These advantages outweigh the challenges facing any consequentialist intergenerational ethics—including cluelessness, counterintuitive demands, and puzzles of aggregation. The chapter then explores many varieties of contemporary consequentialism, arguing that the best consequentialist approach to intergenerational justice is agnostic, moderate, collective consequentialism. Different possible futures—including futures broken by climate change or transformed by new technologies—present new ethical challenges that consequentialism has the flexibility to address. Collective consequentialism can also resolve long-standing debates about the aggregation of well-being. The chapter ends by asking how consequentialist intergenerational ethics might evaluate threats of human extinction, incorporate the value of nonhuman nature, and motivate its potentially extreme demands.

scholarly journals AS DIFERENTES FACES DO AMBIENTE DE TRABALHO EM SAÚDE

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Reikdal Oliniski ◽  
Maria Ribeiro Lacerda
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Health Work ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Emotional Balance ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

Esta reflexão teórica tem por objetivo apresentar algumas das faces do ambiente de trabalho em saúde enquanto locus operandis do profissional da saúde. Assim, são tecidas considerações acerca da estrutura e organização do trabalho em saúde, das dificuldades enfrentadas pelo profissional de saúde e das oportunidades para este. Enfatizam-se em relação à estrutura e organização do trabalho em saúde as questões políticas e macro-institucionais do trabalho; considera-se nas dificuldades os diferentes fatores que afetam a saúde, o bem-estar e o equilíbrio psico-emocional do profissional de saúde; e são delineados nas oportunidades algumas características que permitem ao trabalhador satisfação, prazer e reconhecimento no trabalho. Deste modo, acredita-se que para ter uma visão mais abrangente e crítica em relação ao trabalho em saúde deve-se considerar o todo complexo que o compõe. Além disso, para que mudanças nas mais variadas nuances sejam efetivas é necessária a participação e contribuição de cada parte constituinte: instituições, profissionais e sociedade.The different faces of the health working environmentAbstractThis theoretical reflection aims to show some faces of the health working environment while locus operandis of the health professional. Therefore, considerations are made about the structure and organization of health work, difficulties faced by the health professional and opportunities for him/her. Regarding the structure and organization of health work are emphasized the political and macro-institutional matters of work; about the difficulties are considered the different factors that affect the health, well-being and psycho and emotional balance of health professional, and about the opportunities are outlined some characteristics that allow satisfaction, pleasure and valuing of the professional in the working environment. This way, we believe that to have a wider and critical view about the health work is necessary to consider the whole that composes it. Moreover, it is necessary the participation and contribution of every component: institutions, professional and society, in order to happen changes on these diverse nuances.

scholarly journals Aromatherapy and nursing: historical and theoretical conception

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Rizzo Gnatta ◽  
Leonice Fumiko Sato Kurebayashi ◽  
Ruth Natalia Teresa Turrini ◽  
Maria Júlia Paes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Jean Watson ◽  
Theoretical Conception ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

Abstract Aromatherapy is a Practical or Complementary Health Therapy that uses volatile concentrates extracted from plants called essential oils, in order to improve physical, mental and emotional well-being. Aromatherapy has been practiced historically and worldwide by nurses and, as in Brazil is supported by the Federal Nursing Council, it is relevant to discuss this practice in the context of Nursing through Theories of Nursing. This study of theoretical reflection, exploratory and descriptive, aims to discuss the pharmacognosy of essential oils, the historical trajectory of Aromatherapy in Nursing and the conceptions to support Aromatherapy in light of eight Nursing Theorists (Florence Nightingale, Myra Levine, Hildegard Peplau, Martha Rogers, Callista Roy, Wanda Horta, Jean Watson and Katharine Kolcaba), contributing to its inclusion as a nursing care practice.

scholarly journals The benefits of need satisfaction depend on their relative importance for people with a unidimensional identity: an idiographic analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya Glendinning ◽  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Lew Hardy ◽  
Chin Wei Ong
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Value

AbstractSelf-determination theory proposes that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs is equally beneficial for everyone – the Universal Hypothesis. Equally, there are intra-individual differences in how the satisfaction of differentially important needs might be differentially beneficial, which we term the Intra-individual Hypothesis. We aimed to reconcile these positions. Across four cross-sectional studies (ns = 300 rock climbers, 323 sportspeople, 394 UK and Chinese adults, 320 UK adults), we investigated the needs of individuals with varying dimensions to their identity, and their motivation and self-esteem. In Studies 1, 2, and 4, when individuals strongly related their sense of identity to investment in a specific activity, the association between need satisfaction and self-esteem (and motivation in Studies 1–2) depended on their intra-individual need importance, supporting the Intra-individual Hypothesis. In Studies 3 and 4, for individuals with a multidimensional identity, the association between need satisfaction and self-esteem did not depend on the importance of each need, supporting the Universal Hypothesis. The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is not always uniform in its link with motivation and well-being. The degree to which individuals have a unidimensional or multidimensional self-concept appears fruitful in predicting the relative value of the Universal Hypothesis and the Intra-individual Hypothesis.

EQUALITY, BENEVOLENCE, AND RESPONSIVENESS TO AGENT-RELATIVE VALUE

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-341
Author(s):  
Eric Mack
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Philosophical Issue ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Social State ◽  
Crucial Question ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
State Of Affairs

Do differences in income or wealth matter, morally speaking? This essay addresses a broader issue than this question seems to pose. But this broader issue is, I believe, the salient philosophical issue which this question actually poses. Let me explain. Narrowly read, the question at hand is concerned only with inequality of income or wealth. It asks us to consider whether inequality of income or wealth as such is morally problematic. On this construal, the question invites us to consider whether the bare fact that Joshua has a greater income or net worth than Rebekah is a morally defective social state of affairs. Is there at least a significant moral presumption on behalf of equality of income or wealth such that, if an inequality of income or wealth obtains vis-à-vis Joshua and Rebekah, that inequality ought to be nullified unless some impressive positive justification for the inequality can be provided? On this narrow reading, the salient issue is whether there exists in particular an egalitarian presumption with respect to income or wealth. But I believe that the genuinely salient issue here is whether there exists in general an egalitarian presumption with respect to whatever factual condition of individuals one is supposed to attend to when assessing social states of affairs. The crucial question is not whether income or wealth or utility or well-being is the condition the unequal distribution of which is as such morally problematic.

Afterword

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Colm Hogan
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
French National Identity

The afterword takes up two unresolved issues. First, just what might motivate individuals to commit themselves to identifying with a group category? Second, do groups gain absolute benefits through identity categories or only relative benefits, perhaps with increased harm in absolute terms? For example, it seems clear that having French national identity is valuable in opposing Nazis; thus, it has relative value. But there would be no Nazis in the first place if there were no categorial identification. Thus, national identity may reduce well-being across the board. The final section of the afterword examines an empirical analysis that purports to show that identity categories are important for the well-being of individuals and societies. The chapter argues that the data are better explained by the hypothesis that economic and democratic empowerment—not identity categorization—are crucial for the well-being of individuals and societies.

scholarly journals Th. W. Adorno: filosofía frente a la catástrofe

2020 ◽  
pp. 464-480
Author(s):  
Jose A. Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

El pensamiento de Th. W. Adorno y su contribución a la teoría crítica de la sociedad tiene su núcleo central en la confrontación con la barbarie y en la reflexión teórica sobre las condiciones sociales que la hacen posible. 50 años después de su muerte su propuesta de crítica radical sigue dando que pensar y ofreciendo claves con las que enfrentarse a la crisis del presente. The thought of Th. W. Adorno and his contribution to the critical theory of society has its central nucleus in the confrontation with barbarism and in the theoretical reflection on the social conditions that make it possible. Fifty years after his death, his proposal of a radical critique continues giving to think and keys with which to confront the crisis of the present.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

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