An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Coercion and Aggression

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Dishion
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Life History ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Primate Lineage

This chapter proposes an evolutionary framework for understanding the link between social exclusion and deep marginalization in the development of aggression and violence. It argues that (1) the evolution of language in the primate lineage provides unique capabilities for forming social groups and communities and also defining and signaling exclusion, marginalization, and social rejection; and (2) exclusion and marginalization in humans have historically been salient predictors of mortality and are evocative of self-organization into deviant social groups. The life history perspective offers a macrolevel explanation of the developmental cascade from early childhood defiance to more serious antisocial behavior and violence. An evolutionary framework also provides perspective about which interventions are most likely to be effective at specific points in development and which are potentially limited in effectiveness, or worse, iatrogenic.

scholarly journals Introduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lucie Lamarche ◽  
Marianne De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Implementing Strategies

Citizenship, social rights and social cohesion: A priori, the concept of social cohesion evokes the idea of a body of values, norms, behaviours and expectations that, because they are shared, give meaning to “living together”. This is why, at a time of globalization, neo-liberalism, and economic growth at all costs, implementing strategies designed to promote social cohesion is often presented as the antidote to the ills of society and the prerequisite to development. In the literature and political discourse, the concept of social exclusion is used to describe the reality of many social groups today who feel deprived of security and identity and are convinced that they have lost something they once possessed. The question, then, is one of knowing what the obstacle to social cohesion is. Research efforts, as well as international institutions, have abundant recourse to this logic in order to identify and remedy some of the obstacles they perceive as being the causes of social exclusion. For example, in this respect, inclusion and participation in the labour market is the object of sustained attention; the same applies to the war against poverty. Meanwhile, everything points to social exclusion and its opposite, social cohesion, being phenomena that cannot, for the purpose of analysis, be reduced to questions of material dysfunction in a given society. By the same token, social cohesion cannot be reduced to a matter of integration or a fight to leave the margins of society. This is only part of what we learn from the work of Jane Jenson and Mateo Alalouf, whose earlier efforts have inspired several contributions that follow.

An Assessment Relationship between Social Exclusion and Transportation

2017 ◽  
pp. 99-128
Author(s):  
Seher Ozkazanc ◽  
Nihan Ozdemir Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Spatial Terms

Having been used extensively since the 1980s, the concept of social exclusion has given a new impetus to the discussions of poverty and disadvantageousness. The concept of social exclusion, which can be defined as the condition in which certain individuals or social groups cannot integrate into the society either socially or economically or politically, leads to social cohesion problems. This triggers segregation of the society, particularly in large cities, in both social and spatial terms. In the context of accessibility, “urban transport” appears as one of the most important factors determining level of social inclusion/exclusion of the individuals or groups. In this study relation between social exclusion and transport has been evaluated as an attempt to identify socio-spatial segregation pattern of Ankara.

An Assessment Relationship between Social Exclusion and Transportation

2020 ◽  
pp. 809-838
Author(s):  
Seher Ozkazanc ◽  
Nihan Ozdemir Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Spatial Terms

Having been used extensively since the 1980s, the concept of social exclusion has given a new impetus to the discussions of poverty and disadvantageousness. The concept of social exclusion, which can be defined as the condition in which certain individuals or social groups cannot integrate into the society either socially or economically or politically, leads to social cohesion problems. This triggers segregation of the society, particularly in large cities, in both social and spatial terms. In the context of accessibility, “urban transport” appears as one of the most important factors determining level of social inclusion/exclusion of the individuals or groups. In this study relation between social exclusion and transport has been evaluated as an attempt to identify socio-spatial segregation pattern of Ankara.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
Daniel Oro
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Share Information

Complex social animal groups behave as self-organized, single structures: they feed together, they defend against predators together, they escape from perturbations and disperse and migrate together and they share information. It is modestly evident that many individuals sharing information about their environment may be more successful in coping with perturbations than solitary individuals gathering information on their own. The group exists for and by means of all the individuals, and these exist for and by means of the group. Social groups have emergent properties that cannot be easily explained by either selection or self-organization. Yet, sociality has been shaped by the two forces. How sociality has evolved by selection is puzzling also because it confronts the benefits of the group versus the benefits of the individual, which is a historically debated theme. There are many other open questions about sociality that I have explored in this book. But in the end, the process that has fascinated me the most is social copying. Despite the sophisticated mechanisms evolved in increasing information in social groups—which has culminated in humans with language and technological interconnections—it is impressive how a simple behaviour such as social copying has maintained its strength when individuals make any kind of decisions, from insignificant to transcendent....

Personality disorders

2015 ◽  
pp. 277-294
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Life History ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Dependence Versus ◽  
Behavioural Patterns

Personality disorders (PD) concern inflexible and maladaptive cognitive, emotional, and behavioural patterns, which cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress. One group of PD is characterized by ‘eccentricity’, another by ‘dramatic’ behaviour, and a third cluster by predominant anxiety. Personality traits reflect individual patterns of behaviour that serve the purpose to achieve important biosocial goals. These behaviours can be grouped according to their interpersonal meaning: dominance versus submission; competition versus cooperation; dependence versus nurturance; assertion versus avoidance; aggression versus defence; and risk-taking versus harm avoidance. From a life-history perspective, personality traits, as well as personality disorders representing the extremes of variation of normal trait distribution, can be differentiated into ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ life-history strategies. Predictions about future resource availability arise from early childhood experiences with caregivers and the interaction of these experiences with genes involved in the regulation of aggression, attachment, etc.

scholarly journals Juridification as politics: An institutional view

2020 ◽  
pp. 019145372096217
Author(s):  
Mariano Croce
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Institutional View

In the existing literature on depoliticization, the increasing use of law as a medium to tackle social and political issues is deemed to be detrimental to the legitimacy of political processes. Against this view, I argue that this trend – which some scholars call ‘juridification’ – can be key to giving life to new forms of politics. First, I show why juridification is a political more than a legal process. Second, I illustrate recent critiques of the dangers inherent in the particular type of juridification that involves the growing use of rights. Third, while concurring with these critiques, I make the case that other facets of juridification are often underrated that can ignite a novel kind of politics. On this account, I go on by elaborating on the idea of self-organization of social groups vis-à-vis the state that is entailed in this notion of politics. Finally, I discuss the recognition of non-conventional family networks to exemplify how a politics of juridification could work. The conclusion is that, while juridification calls for a thorough revision of the tasks of politics, it does not thwart it. Rather, traditional representative politics could and should take stock of how it involves social actors in the creation of new bodies of regulation.

The evolution of language: Present behavioral evidence for past genetic reprogramming in the human lineage

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
Robert B. Eckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Human Lineage ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Human Ontogeny

Language and life history can be related functionally through the study of human ontogeny, thus usefully informing our understanding of several unique aspects of the evolution of species. The operational principles outlined by Locke & Bogin (L&B) demonstrate that the present can provide a useful framework for understanding the past.

scholarly journals Maternal prenatal smoking, parental antisocial behavior, and early childhood physical aggression

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan C. J. Huijbregts ◽  
Jean R. Séguin ◽  
Mark Zoccolillo ◽  
Michel Boivin ◽  
Richard E. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Prenatal Smoking ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis study investigated joint effects of maternal prenatal smoking and parental history of antisocial behavior on physical aggression between ages 17 and 42 months in a population sample of children born in Québec (N = 1,745). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant main effects of maternal prenatal smoking and a significant interaction between maternal prenatal smoking and mother's history of antisocial behavior in the prediction of children's probability to display high and rising physical aggression. The interaction indicated that the effects of heavy smoking during pregnancy (≥10 cigarettes/day) were greater when the mother also had a serious history of antisocial behavior. The effects remained significant after the introduction of control variables (e.g., hostile-reactive parenting, family functioning, parental separation/divorce, family income, and maternal education). Another significant interaction not accounted for by control variables was observed for maternal prenatal smoking and family income, indicating more serious effects of maternal prenatal smoking under relatively low-income, conditions. Both interactions indicate critical adversities that, in combination with maternal prenatal smoking, have supra-additive effects on (the development of) physical aggression during early childhood. These findings may have implications for the selection of intervention targets and strategies.

The value of and values in the work of teachers in Estonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eeva Kesküla ◽  
Krista Loogma
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Value System ◽  
Material Recognition ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
Societal Value ◽  
The Status ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
A Site

This article considers how the status of teachers relates to a changing value system, and how the perceived worth of a profession depends on the values its practitioners carry. The article analyses the work of teachers as both productive and reproductive, needing both material and non-material recognition. It argues that in times of radical social change, social groups struggle to determine what value is. The rapid introduction of a neoliberal market economy in Estonia has created a situation where teachers’ labour becomes a site of contestation determining what values prevail in society. Based on 24 semi-structured life history interviews, this article combines theories of the value of labour, of professionalism and the anthropological theory of value to argue for the key role that teachers play during rapid change to a societal value regime.

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