Scepticism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Dunaway ◽  
John Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Moral Worth ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Good Action ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Relationship

To what extent are theological questions knowable? This chapter outlines some tools for addressing this question by first giving some plausible structural constraints on knowledge. These constraints include the absence of false beliefs in nearby worlds, connections to other mental states, and the relationship between knowledge and rationality and moral worth. Then it uses these constraints to explore the relationship between the possibility (or impossibility) of theological knowledge and various issues including private interpretation, faith, the problem of evil, religious diversity, and morally good action. Even with these relatively simple structural features of knowledge in hand, we can outline some potential difficulties for familiar discussions in the epistemology of theology, and point to some new considerations that bear on familiar questions. Thus we hope to show that careful thinking about the structural constraints on knowledge, especially as related to sceptical concerns, is of interest to familiar epistemological debates in theology.

The Problem of Divine Hiddenness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Rea
Keyword(s):  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Divine Hiddenness ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides a detailed characterization of the various meanings of the term “divine hiddenness,” carefully and rigorously articulates the version of the problem of divine hiddenness that has dominated contemporary philosophical discussion for the past twenty-five years, and then explains the relationship between that problem and the problem of evil.

scholarly journals The woman had to fall? Jean-Baptiste Clamence and the literary infection by evil

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Maciej Kałuża
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Social Evil ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the concept of evil, as developed in the literary as well as philosophical works of Albert Camus. After a short, preliminary notice on the relationship between literature and evil, the article presents two spheres, in which the problem of evil was grasped by the author of The Rebel. In the main part of the article, the complexity of the problem of evil, as represented by Jean-Baptiste Clamence from The Fall is shown. It is seen as a development of the concept of evil from The Plague, with the potency to disseminate onto others. It is also perceived, as something resulting from severe trauma of the main character. In conclusion, I claim, that the problem of evil, as experienced by Clamence may be understood as a still relevant metaphor of contemporary culture, struggling with passivity against the rise of social evil.

scholarly journals A Historical Outline of Byzantine Philosophy and Its Basic Subjects

2018 ◽  
pp. 121-144
Author(s):  
Katelis Viglas
Keyword(s):  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Relative Autonomy ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Realism ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
The World ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure

The article seeks to present an overview of the history of Byzantine philosophy. It takes its point of departure in the most important factors that influenced and shaped the Patristic thought. Subsequently, the paper considers the relative autonomy of Byzantine philosophy and offers a brief profile of major philosophers that contributed to the stream in the period from 9th to 15th century. From the numerous subjects that were taken into account by the most prominent Byzantine philosophers, the article discusses such issues as: the view of God, the problem of ‘conceptual realism’, the relationship between such ‘disci  plines’ as logic, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics and philosophical anthro  pology. Furthermore, such questions as the place of man in the world, the scope of their freedom and the problem of evil are also touched upon here. The paper concludes with some remarks on the develop  ment of Byzantine philosophy after the fall of Byzantium.

ANNE CONWAY'S PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Think ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (59) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Burns
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
The Problem Of Evil

Anne Conway (1631–79) produced only one short treatise – The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy – but addressed key problems in the philosophy of religion which are still much discussed today. The most significant of these are the problem of religious diversity and the problem of evil. Although the sources of her ideas may be found in the Kabbalah of Isaac Luria and the work of the Cambridge Platonists and the Quaker George Keith, among others, she offers her own unorthodox solutions to these problems. The idea of Christ as an indwelling mediator of the divine who assists us in our moral endeavours is designed to appeal to those of all religions and none, while her claim that God created creatures knowing that they would eventually be redeemed, and that suffering promotes moral development which leads to redemption offers a novel response to the problem of evil. Conway's work is also important for its influence on the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and some have argued that it prefigures, at least in outline, the field theory of modern physics.

The Problem of Evil and a Plausible Defence

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Moral Perfection ◽  
Good Action ◽  
Evil Action ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Creation

This paper argues that God may create and exist in any possible world, no matter how much suffering of any sort that world includes. It combines the traditional free will defence with the notion of an ‘occasion’ for good or evil action and limits God's responsibility to the creation of these occasions. Since no possible world contains occasions for more evil than good action, God is morally permitted to create any possible world. With regard to suffering that is not due to free will, namely the suffering of beings who are not moral agents, the paper questions the idea that the relief of such suffering is a moral perfection.

scholarly journals TEODISI ISLAM ESOTERIS: PEMIKIRAN ISA NUR AL-DIN AHMAD AL-SYAZILI TENTANG TUHAN DAN KEJAHATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nur Prabowo Setyabudi
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Moral Significance ◽  
Islamic Mysticism ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power Of God

Theodicy was born as a response to the problem of evil and its relationship to the power of God, and at the same time, as an assertion of Omnipotence, Omnibenevolence, and Omniscience of God. This article presents the interpretation of Frithjof Schuon's thought or Shaykh Isa Nur al-Din Ahmad as a Muslim thinker of the tradition of Perennialism philosophy that emphasizes universalism and esoterism. The article describes Schuon's principal thought concerning theodicy, especially how esoteric Islamic theodicy sees the nature of evil, the relationship of evil with the free will of humans and determination of God (predestination). Furthermore, this article tries to draw the extent to which esoterism is supportive and coherent with texts that are exoterically expressed in the Qur'an. Basically, esoteric Islamic theodicy parallels with the principle of Islamic mysticism. In the last part, this article tries to take the moral significance of the notions of esoteric Islamic theodicy.

scholarly journals Reflections on the Deep Connection Between Problems of Evil and Problems of Divine Hiddenness

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Van Inwagen ◽  
Divine Hiddenness ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

In the literature on the subject, it is common to understand the problem of divine hiddenness and the problem of evil as distinct problems. Schellenberg (1993, 2010) and van Inwagen (2002) are representative. Such a sharp distinction is not so obvious to me. In this essay, I explore the relationship between the problem(s) of evil and the problem(s) of divine hiddenness.

scholarly journals Comprensión y reconciliación: algunas reflexiones en torno a Hannah Arendt

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan I. Blanco Ilari
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
Pensamiento Filosofico ◽  
The Relationship

RESUMENEl pensamiento filosófico ha encontrado en el problema del mal un difícil y provocativo desafío. Cuando el mal aparece, el pensamiento llega a sus límites. El siglo veinte ha sido testigo del horror. El pensamiento necesita reconciliarse con un mundo en el que el horror ha sucedido. Hannah Arendt fue una de las intelectuales más importantes que enfatizó la relación entre comprensión y reconciliación. Para ella, la consecuencia inherente de la comprensión es la reconciliación. En este trabajo analizo el alcance de su argumento. Intento conectar la mirada arendtiana con otros autores que confrontan con su perspectiva.PALABRAS CLAVEHANNAH ARENDT, COMPRENSIÓN, RECONCILIACIÓNABSTRACTPhilosophical thought found in the problem of evil a very difficult and provocative defiance. When evil appears, thought reaches its boundaries. The twentieth century witnessed horror. Thinking needs to reconcile with a world in which there has been horror. Hannah Arendt was one of the most important intellectuals who emphasised the relationship between understanding and reconciliation. For her, the inherent consequence of understanding is reconciliation. In this paper I analyse the scope of her argument and try to connect Arendt´s view with other authors that confront her perspective.KEY WORDSHANNAH ARENDT, UNDERSTANDING, RECONCILIATION

Philosophy of Religion: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Bayne
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Problem Of Evil ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Related Question ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Faith And Reason ◽  
The Problem Of Evil ◽  
The Relationship

Philosophy of Religion: A Very Short Introduction introduces the field of philosophy of religion, and engages with some of the most burning questions that philosophers discuss. Considering how ‘religion’ should be defined, and whether we even need to be able to define it in order to engage in the philosophy of religion, it goes on to discuss whether the existence of God matters. Exploring the problem of evil, this VSI debates the connection between faith and reason, and the related question of what role reason should play in religious contexts. Shedding light on the relationship between science and religion, it finishes by considering the topics of reincarnation and the afterlife.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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