Principles of Economics

2015 ◽  
pp. 302-333
Author(s):  
Célestin Monga
Keyword(s):  
Economic Literature ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Economic Man ◽  
Economic Experience ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Made In

Mainstream economists have promoted the idea of universally representative agents, which allows for simple modeling techniques to describe and predict human thinking and decision-making. Yet, there has been a debate in the economic literature on the existence of the rational “economic man” in Africa. The continent’s long history of oppression, its sub-optimal economic performance, and colonial fantasies, have contributed to the development of a discourse of otherness fed by prejudices. This chapter tackles some of these epistemological dilemmas and policy issues in that debate through a reconsideration of the basic principles of economics. A didactic approach is followed, popularized by Gregory Mankiw, and a list of ten principles different from the ones he proposed is produced. This chapter offers a series of counter-narratives to conventional economic thinking, and highlights how some of the recent developments in economics are consistent with analyses made in the study of Africa’s economic experience.

WTO and Dairy Trade

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
K. Elumalai ◽  
R.K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

This paper critically analyzes the extent of liberalization of international dairy trade under WTO rules. The paper is organized into four sections. The first section presents a brief history of international dairy trade negotiations under GATT. The broad disciplines of GATT and the current issues related to their implemen- tation are presented in the second section. The recent developments on agricultural trade negotiations are presented in the third section and the concluding remarks are made in the final section.

Diffuse fields in ultrasonics and seismology

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. SI5-SI9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Weaver ◽  
Oleg I. Lobkis
Keyword(s):  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Diffuse Fields ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scattered Fields

We review the history of diffuse ultrasonic waves in solids with emphasis on recent developments in field-field correlations and their identification with Green’s function. The basic principles appear to be well understood now, and the identity between these two waveforms has been proven under a variety of assumed conditions that guarantee a diffuse field. Promise for practical passive imaging is good; nevertheless, measurements sometimes fail to fully agree with theory. We ascribe this in some cases to incomplete convergence — insufficient amounts of data have been processed. In other cases, it is probably because of a lack of perfect diffuseness; ambient nonmultiply scattered fields are often not equipartitioned and imperfectly diffuse.

On some antecedents of behavioural economics

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110009
Author(s):  
Kristian Bondo Hansen ◽  
Thomas Presskorn-Thygesen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Thinking

Since its inception in the late 1970s, behavioural economics has gone from being an outlier to a widely recognized yet still contested subset of the economic sciences. One of the basic arguments in behavioural economics is that a more realistic psychology ought to inform economic theories. While the history of behavioural economics is often portrayed and articulated as spanning no more than a few decades, the practice of utilizing ideas from psychology to rethink theories of economics is over a century old. In the first three decades of the 20th century, several mostly American economists made efforts to refine fundamental economic assumptions by introducing ideas from psychology into economic thinking. In an echo of contemporary discussions in behavioural economics, the ambition of these psychology-keen economists was to strengthen the empirical accuracy of the fundamental assumptions of economic theory. In this article, we trace, examine, and discuss arguments for and against complementing economic theorizing with insights from psychology, as found in economic literature published between 1900 and 1930. The historical analysis sheds light on issues and challenges associated with the endeavour to improve one discipline’s theories by introducing ideas from another, and we argue that these are issues and challenges that behavioural economists continue to face today.

scholarly journals Two centuries of meningococcal infection: from Vieusseux to the cellular and molecular basis of disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1313-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Leite de Souza ◽  
Antonio Carlos Seguro
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules ◽  
Made In

Scientific knowledge of meningococcal infection has increased greatly since the epidemic nature of the illness was first described by Vieusseux at the dawn of the nineteenth century. In fact, revolutionary advances have been made in public-health measures, antimicrobial therapy, diagnostic procedures, anti-inflammatory drugs and supportive care facilities. Based on the knowledge accumulated to date, it is generally accepted that the pathogenesis of meningococcal infection involves multiple links that interconnect in a complex web of phenomena from Neisseria meningitidis attachment to meningococcal sepsis or meningitis. In fact, a myriad of strongly interacting inflammatory molecules and cells have been implicated in neisserial infection, illustrating the complexity of meningococcal pathogenesis. In addition, many of these signallers are critically involved in outcomes in the human host. Deciphering the pathogenesis of meningococcal infection could expand our knowledge and provide important clues to the host–pathogen interaction, as well as leading to the development of new therapeutic tools. Herein, we review the history of the discovery and characterization of meningococcal disease, epidemiological features of the disease with an emphasis on recent developments in Brazil, the cellular and molecular basis of disease, and discuss diagnosis and therapy.

SARI : A User-Oriented Data Bank System for Medical Applications

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
M. Goldberg ◽  
B. Doyon
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Base Management ◽  
General Data ◽  
Privacy Problem ◽  
Bank System ◽  
Made In

This paper describes a general data base management package, devoted to medical applications. SARI is a user-oriented system, able to take into account applications very different by their nature, structure, size, operating procedures and general objectives, without any specific programming. It can be used in conversational mode by users with no previous knowledge of computers, such as physicians or medical clerks.As medical data are often personal data, the privacy problem is emphasized and a satisfactory solution implemented in SARI.The basic principles of the data base and program organization are described ; specific efforts have been made in order to increase compactness and to make maintenance easy.Several medical applications are now operational with SARI. The next steps will mainly consist in the implementation of highly sophisticated functions.

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

Chasing Angels: The Sweet Wine Angelica

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
hank shaw
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mission Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Sweet Wine ◽  
Made In

Portugal has port, Spain has sherry, Sicily has Marsala –– and California has angelica. Angelica is California's original wine: The intensely sweet, fortified dessert cordial has been made in the state for more than two centuries –– primarily made from Mission grapes, first brought to California by the Spanish friars. Angelica was once drunk in vast quantities, but now fewer than a dozen vintners make angelica today. These holdouts from an earlier age are each following a personal quest for the real. For unlike port and sherry, which have strict rules about their production, angelica never gelled into something so distinct that connoisseurs can say, ““This is angelica. This is not.”” This piece looks at the history of the drink, its foggy origins in the Mission period and on through angelica's heyday and down to its degeneration into a staple of the back-alley wino set. Several current vintners are profiled, and they suggest an uncertain future for this cordial.

Not as It Is Written

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-100
Author(s):  
Benjamin Houston
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
International Exhibition ◽  
Black Experience ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Life ◽  
Made In

This article discusses an international exhibition that detailed the recent history of African Americans in Pittsburgh. Methodologically, the exhibition paired oral history excerpts with selected historic photographs to evoke a sense of Black life during the twentieth century. Thematically, showcasing the Black experience in Pittsburgh provided a chance to provoke among a wider public more nuanced understandings of the civil rights movement, an era particularly prone to problematic and superficial misreadings, but also to interject an African American perspective into the scholarship on deindustrializing cities, a literature which treats racism mostly in white-centric terms. This essay focuses on the choices made in reconciling these thematic and methodological dimensions when designing this exhibition.

On the Publishing Infrastructure of the University and its Construction Principles

2010 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Tatyana F. Berestova ◽  
Vera R. Abramovskih
Keyword(s):  
Research Library ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Infrastructure ◽  
Distribution Sector ◽  
The University

The basic principles of publishing activities in universities and their interrelation, all stages of redaction, the problems each of them, and ways to solve them. The activities of the distribution sector of publishing in the structure of the Research Library of Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts and the history of its creation are described.

RISHTAN SCHOOL OF CERAMICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Akmal Marozikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Ferghana Valley ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
National Style

Ceramics is an area that has a long history of making clay bowls, bowls, plates,pitchers, bowls, bowls, bowls, pots, pans, toys, building materials and much more.Pottery developed in Central Asia in the XII-XIII centuries. Rishtan school, one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley, is one of the largest centers of glazed ceramics inCentral Asia. Rishtan ceramics and miniatures are widely recognized among the peoples of the world and are considered one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley. The article discusses the popularity of Rishtan masters, their products made in the national style,and works of art unique to any region

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