Identifying Dietary Variability in Southern Australia from Scarce Remains

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Littleton ◽  
Rachel Scott
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Dietary Variability ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Dental Attrition ◽  
Dental Pathology ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Australian Archaeology ◽  
Dietary Variation ◽  
The Rich

Human remains are scarce in Australian archaeology, partly due to the nature of hunter-gatherer burials, as they are rarely found in concentrated numbers. These constraints have limited studies of diet, which have relied rather on the rich ethnographic and archaeological records. The relatively few direct observations of dental remains have emphasized the abrasive nature of the diet that caused a pattern of severe dental attrition, common in many hunter-gatherer groups. The results also point to variability between groups living in close proximity. To better understand the extent of dietary variation, we analysed the dental pathology and microwear features amongst two neighbouring groups of human remains in South Australia, examining the extent of heterogeneity within and between these populations. In doing so, we identified two potential confounders to analysis of diet from human dental remains: the nature of the sample itself and the extent of non-masticatory use of teeth.

Activities of foxes and crows in a flock of lambing ewes

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Alexander ◽  
T Mann ◽  
CJ Mulhearn ◽  
ICR Rowley ◽  
D Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
South Australia ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Foetal Membranes

The feasibility of direct observations on the activities of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in a flock of lambing ewes has been proven in a pilot trial at Minnipa in South Australia. Ewes were confined to an open six-acre paddock near fox-infested scrub, and continuous observations were made from a 'hide' on a tower in the paddock. Progress of lambs was followed by direct observation and by weighing twice a day. Foxes were readily detected by the naked eye when the moon was almost full and their activity was easily followed with the aid of binoculars. Foxes appeared unaware of the observers and were little disturbed by a spot-light. Ewes were very little disturbed by the close proximity of foxes. Most foxes approached ewes or lambs very cautiously and were easily frightened away. Foxes mainly scavenged foetal membranes and dead lambs, but one attack on a healthy lamb was witnessed. Foxes were not seen during daylight. Crows (Corvus spp.), attracted by grain feeding of the sheep, showed an appetite for foetal membranes and lamb faeces. Lambs separated from ewes were frequently attacked, but healthy lambs were not injured

scholarly journals STUDI KASUS PATOLOGI GIGI: KARIES PADA RANGKA MANUSIA ST1, SONG TERUS, PACITAN, JAWA TIMUR ( Dental Pathology Case Study: Caries On ST1 Human Remains, Song Terus, Pacitan, East Java)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Anita Tamu Ina ◽  
Dyah Prastiningtyas ◽  
Harry Widianto ◽  
Florent Détroit ◽  
Ferry Fredy Karwur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Dental Pathology ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Macroscopic Observation ◽  
Song Terus

Human remains found in Song Terus (Pacitan, East Java), known as ST1, presented an opportunity of in-depth study in reconstructing how human lived during Early Holocene period in the area. This article focuses on palaeopathological aspects by examining lesions of disease observable in bones and dentition of human remains found in archaeological context. The research done for this article focuses more on dental remains, as teeth are known to have durability and longevity as archaeological finds, and could also provide information on age-at-death, types of diet, and oral diseases which may occurred during a person’s life. Dental caries is one of the most common type of oral disease found in archaeological context. Research methods used are macroscopic observation and literature reference comparison.. Results showed there were nine dentition on this individual (from a total of 27 identified dentition) suffered from caries with various degree of severity. Other types of oral disease noted during observation and analysis were periodontal disease. ST1 might have been suffering from severe caries due to lack of oral hygiene, as well as minimum dental treatment towards emerging oral disease. Nevertheless, these diseases did not seem to be directly caused by ST1’s dietary habit during lifetime. ABSTRAK Temuan rangka manusia ST1 di Song Terus (Pacitan, Jawa Timur) memberikan peluang untuk menelusuri lebih jauh pola kehidupan manusia pada periode Holosen Awal di wilayah ini. Artikel ini berfokus pada aspek paleopatologi yang merupakan salah satu kajian ilmu dalam menelusuri jejak kehidupan manusia di masa lalu melalui penyakit pada tulang dan gigi manusia yang ditemukan dalam konteks arkeologi. Materi penelitian dalam artikel ini menitikberatkan pada gigi manusia yang merekam informasi mengenai masa hidup seseorang, termasuk aspek-aspek perkiraan usia saat mati, jenis makanan yang pernah dikonsumsi, dan penyakit yang pernah diderita. Kasus patologi berupa karies menarik untuk diteliti sebab penyakit ini merupakan salah satu kasus yang umum ditemukan pada sisa rangka manusia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasi makroskopis dan metode pustaka. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari 27 gigi tersisa pada individu ST1, terdapat sembilan gigi yang terdeteksi mengalami karies dan beberapa gigi lain yang menderita penyakit periodontal. Karies pada individu ini tampak disebabkan oleh mikro-organisme yang berkembang di dalam mulut akibat minimalnya perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, serta tidak berhubungan langsung dengan asupan nutrisi yang dikonsumsi oleh individu ini pada masa hidupnya.

Residency and movement dynamics of southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) after a translocation event

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Linnane ◽  
Shane Penny ◽  
Peter Hawthorne ◽  
Matthew Hoare
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Translocation Event ◽  
South West ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii ◽  
Almost All

Previous movement studies on the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) have all involved releasing tagged animals at the point of capture. In 2007, 5298 lobsters, in total, were tagged and translocated from an offshore site (>100-m depth) to two inshore sites (<20-m depth) in South Australia. After a period of 735 days, 510 (9.6%) had been recaptured. The majority of translocated lobsters were located within close proximity to the release points, with 306 (60%) having moved <5km. Of the remainder, 133 (26%) were recaptured within 5–10km, with a further 71 (14%) individuals having moved >10km. Movement patterns were highly directional in nature, with individuals consistently travelling in a south-west bearing, regardless of distance moved. In almost all cases, movement was from inshore to offshore sites, with female lobsters travelling significantly further (mean 5.66km ±6.41s.d.) than males (mean 5.02km ±9.66s.d.). The results are consistent with previous large-scale tagging studies of J. edwardsii, which indicated high residency levels but with occasional directed movement by some individuals.

THE CAROLINE CARBON DIOXIDE FIELD AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DIOXIDE OCCURRENCES, GAMBIER EMBAYMENT, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Mulready
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Carbonate Sediments ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Liquid Co2 ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Secondary Fractures ◽  
Co2 Treatment

Subsurface occurrences of high purity carbon dioxide are comparatively rare although widespread geographically. Within the Gambier embayment of the Otway Basin two substantial examples of carbon dioxide entrapment have been encountered, at Kalangadoo No. 1 with 147 tonnes/day (2.8 mmcf/day) and Caroline No. 1 with 142 tonnes/day (2.7 mmcf/day). Australia's only commercial production of subsurface CO2 is the Alliance Caroline well which produces at an annual rate of around 15 000 tonnes (0.3 BCF) per annum of liquid CO2. Treatment is limited to removal of the 1% hydrocarbon content of the well-head stream by simple fractionation.At Kalangadoo No. 1 the CO2 is found in steeply dipping (?) Palaeozoic arenaceous sediments (unconformity trap), with porosity coming from secondary fractures. By contrast, at Caroline No. 1 the host sediments are sands of the Cretaceous Waarre Formation (fault trap) with primary porosity.Throughout the world several diverse sources of subsurface C02 have been established. The most significant occurrences are in regions with vulcanism in close proximity to carbonate sediments. These show a random distribution with regard to age and nature of host sediments. Isotopic studies (for both carbon and oxygen) have been employed in an attempt to further clarify the source of subsurface CO2 at the Caroline Field. Although not conclusive the evidence to date suggests that a volcanic origin would seem the most likely.

scholarly journals The case for wearable proximity devices to inform physical distancing among healthcare workers

JAMIA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C Keller ◽  
Alejandra B Salinas ◽  
Opeyemi Oladapo-Shittu ◽  
Sara E Cosgrove ◽  
Robin Lewis-Cherry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Inpatient Unit ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Medical Unit ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Inpatient Settings

Abstract Objective Despite the importance of physical distancing in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission, this practice is challenging in healthcare. We piloted use of wearable proximity beacons among healthcare workers (HCWs) in an inpatient unit to highlight considerations for future use of trackable technologies in healthcare settings. Materials and Methods We performed a feasibility pilot study in a non-COVID adult medical unit from September 28 to October 28, 2020. HCWs wore wearable proximity beacons, and interactions defined as &lt;6 feet for ≥5 s were recorded. Validation was performed using direct observations. Results A total of 6172 close proximity interactions were recorded, and with the removal of 2033 false-positive interactions, 4139 remained. The highest proportion of interactions occurred between 7:00 Am–9:00 Am. Direct observations of HCWs substantiated these findings. Discussion This pilot study showed that wearable beacons can be used to monitor and quantify HCW interactions in inpatient settings. Conclusion Technology can be used to track HCW physical distancing.

scholarly journals Pieces of people in the Pavlovian

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Trinkaus ◽  
Sandra Sázelová ◽  
Jiří Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Abundant Evidence ◽  
Southern Moravia ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Human Burials

The rich earlier Mid Upper Palaeolithic (Pavlovian) sites of Dolní Vĕstonice I and II and Pavlov I (∼32,000–∼30,000 cal BP) in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) have yielded a series of human burials, isolated pairs of extremities and isolated bones and teeth. The burials occurred within and adjacent to the remains of structures (‘huts’), among domestic debris. Two of them were adjacent to mammoth bone dumps, but none of them was directly associated with areas of apparent discard (or garbage). The isolated pairs and bones/teeth were haphazardly scattered through the occupation areas, many of them mixed with the small to medium-sized faunal remains, from which many were identified post-excavation. It is therefore difficult to establish a pattern of disposal of the human remains with respect to the abundant evidence for site structure at these Upper Palaeolithic sites. At the same time, each form of human preservation raises questions about the differential mortuary behaviours, and hence social dynamics, of these foraging populations and how we interpret them through an archaeological lens.

Boron toxicity in South Australian barley crops

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Cartwright ◽  
BA Zarcinas ◽  
LR Spouncer
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
High Boron ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Control Samples

Boron toxicity was identified in barley crops grown on a range of soils at 16 widespread locations in South Australia, and also at one site in western Victoria. The soils on which boron toxicity occurred included red-brown earths (Calcic Natrixeralf), calcareous earths (Xerollic Calciorthid and Calcic Paleorthid), and calcareous sands ('Petrocalcixerollic' Xerochrept). At one site the soil was a grey clay (Palexerollic Chromoxerert). The properties of some examples of normal and high-boron soils which were sampled in close proximity are discussed. For individual high-boron soil profiles it was possible to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between extractable boron and ESP, CEC and clay content. However, these relationships did not hold generally for comparisons between normal and high-boron soils. Boron concentrations in affected barley ranged from 56 mg/kg in mature straw to 323 mg/kg in whole tops at Feekes stage 10.1. In control samples the mean boron concentration was 22.8 mg/kg. The concentrations of other nutrient elements (P, K, S, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo) were within normal ranges, and did not differ between control samples and plants with toxicity symptoms. Barley plants affected by the toxicity had increased concentrations of Na and Cl, and decreased concentrations of Ca compared with control plants. These effects were small, but statistically significant, and were consistent with the notion that the toxicity was associated with sodic soils. The findings extend our earlier work on boron toxicity at a single site, and demonstrate that the toxicity is widespread in South Australia.

Diet Choise and Food Availability in the Omnivorous Lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dubas ◽  
CM Bull
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Stomach Content ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Direct Observations

The diet of sleepy lizards, Trachydosaurus rugosus, from a population near Tickera, South Australia, was determined by direct observations, stomach content analysis and food choice trials. They were found to be opportunistic feeders with a diverse diet of mainly flowers and berries, selected from 27 of the 85 plant species identified on two study plots. They were also found to feed on invertebrates, mainly the introduced land snail, Thebapisana. Availability of different food types changed with season, and the lizard diet adjusted to the changes. The spring home ranges of lizards contained a higher proportion than random, of sampling squares in which common spring food plants were recorded. However, the abundance of food plants makes it unlikely that food resources influence home range size.

scholarly journals Dental Analysis and Determination of Occupational Activities in a Peruvian Formative Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Formative Period ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Dental Attrition ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Dental Pathology ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Dental analysis of the individuals excavated from the Roca Verde Site in southern Peru demonstrated a relationship between dental pathology and sex-related occupational activities in a Formative Period population. Instances of dental attrition, abrasion, and premortem and postmortem fractures were the majority of the dental pathology. The pathological conditions were categorized according to sex. Macroscopic and microscopic investigations of the dentition provided evidence for a sex-related occupational dichotomy. 

scholarly journals Persistent polyamorphism in the chiton tooth: From a new biomineral to inks for additive manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2020160118
Author(s):  
Linus Stegbauer ◽  
Paul J. M. Smeets ◽  
Robert Free ◽  
Shay G. Wallace ◽  
Mark C. Hersam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Amorphous Phases ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
The Rich ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Engineering structures that bridge between elements with disparate mechanical properties are a significant challenge. Organisms reap synergy by creating complex shapes that are intricately graded. For instance, the wear-resistant cusp of the chiton radula tooth works in concert with progressively softer microarchitectural units as the mollusk grazes on and erodes rock. Herein, we focus on the stylus that connects the ultrahard and stiff tooth head to the flexible radula membrane. Using techniques that are especially suited to probe the rich chemistry of iron at high spatial resolution, in particular synchrotron Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we find that the upper stylus of Cryptochiton stelleri is in fact a mineralized tissue. Remarkably, the inorganic phase is nano disperse santabarbaraite, an amorphous ferric hydroxyphosphate that has not been observed as a biomineral. The presence of two persistent polyamorphic phases, amorphous ferric phosphate and santabarbaraite, in close proximity, is a unique aspect that demonstrates the level of control over phase transformations in C. stelleri dentition. The stylus is a highly graded material in that its mineral content and mechanical properties vary by a factor of 3 to 8 over distances of a few hundred micrometers, seamlessly bridging between the soft radula and the hard tooth head. The use of amorphous phases that are low in iron and high in water content may be key to increasing the specific strength of the stylus. Finally, we show that we can distill these insights into design criteria for inks for additive manufacturing of highly tunable chitosan-based composites.

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