scholarly journals Agent-Based Models of the Labor Market

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Neugart ◽  
Matteo Richiardi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Market Models ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Macroeconomic Models ◽  
Market Policy ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Selection Of

The chapter reviews the literature concerning agent-based labor market models by tracing its roots to the microsimulation literature and surveying a selection of con- tributions made since the work by Bergmann and Eliasson et al. Agent-based models have been applied to explain stylized facts of labor markets as well as labor market policy evaluations. They also constitute a major part of agent-based macroeconomic models. Besides reviewing the various results achieved, the chapter discusses modeling choices with respect to agents' behavior and the structure of interaction. The overall assessment is that agent-based labor market models have given us valuable insights into the functioning of labor markets and the consequences of labor market policies, and that they will increasingly become an essential tool of analysis, in particular, when the construction of large macro-models is involved.

scholarly journals Segmented Labor Market Models in Developing Countries

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Market Models ◽  
Labor Market Segmentation ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Salaried Employment ◽  
Segmented Labor Market

This article is about labor-market models. Its aim is to construct models that are as simple as they can be but as complicated as they need to be. Such models, if carefully done, can contribute to an understanding of observed labor market phenomena and to the formulation of sound labor market policies. Some branches of economics work with models that assume that everybody who works participates in a single, undifferentiated labor market. This article regards such models as grossly unrealistic. The notion of labor market segmentation can be stylized most simply by maintaining that there are two labor market segments. In this article, labor markets should be thought of as consisting not only of wage and salaried employment but also of self-employment. All who work or seek to work in labor markets are termed workers.

scholarly journals Second-order agent-based models of emergent behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum and their inspiration for swarm robotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-665
Author(s):  
Mohammad Parhizkar ◽  
Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo ◽  
Jahn Nitschke ◽  
Louis Hellequin ◽  
Assane Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Swarm Robotics ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Emergent Behaviour ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract By studying and modelling the behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum, we aim at deriving mechanisms useful for engineering collective artificial intelligence systems. This paper discusses a selection of agent-based models reproducing second-order behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum, occurring during the migration phase; their corresponding biological illustrations; and how we used them as an inspiration for transposing this behaviour into swarms of Kilobots. For the models, we focus on: (1) the transition phase from first- to second-order emergent behaviour; (2) slugs’ uniform distribution around a light source; and (3) the relationship between slugs’ speed and length occurring during the migration phase of the life cycle of D. discoideum. Results show the impact of the length of the slug on its speed and the effect of ammonia on the distribution of slugs. Our computational results show similar behaviour to our biological experiments, using Ax2(ka) strain. For swarm robotics experiments, we focus on the transition phase, slugs’ chaining, merging and moving away from each other.

scholarly journals Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment *

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Crépon ◽  
Esther Duflo ◽  
Marc Gurgand ◽  
Roland Rathelot ◽  
Philippe Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Job Placement ◽  
Randomized Experiment ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Displacement Effects

Abstract This article reports the results from a randomized experiment designed to evaluate the direct and indirect (displacement) impacts of job placement assistance on the labor market outcomes of young, educated job seekers in France. We use a two-step design. In the first step, the proportions of job seekers to be assigned to treatment (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%) were randomly drawn for each of the 235 labor markets (e.g., cities) participating in the experiment. Then, in each labor market, eligible job seekers were randomly assigned to the treatment, following this proportion. After eight months, eligible, unemployed youths who were assigned to the program were significantly more likely to have found a stable job than those who were not. But these gains are transitory, and they appear to have come partly at the expense of eligible workers who did not benefit from the program, particularly in labor markets where they compete mainly with other educated workers, and in weak labor markets. Overall, the program seems to have had very little net benefits.

scholarly journals Immigration, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Ethnic Segmentation in a Low-Skill Labor Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-404
Author(s):  
Ruth Meyer ◽  
Huw Vasey
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Labor Market Segmentation ◽  
Entry Requirements ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Many

Postwar migration to “western” countries has gone hand in hand with the development of ethnically segmented labor markets, particularly in low-skill roles where entry requirements are minimal. While numerous theories have been forwarded as to why such situations occur, it has remained difficult to empirically test the relative impact of the many interacting processes that produce segmentation in the labor market. In this article, we investigate the processes of ethnic segmentation in low-skilled labor markets, where referral hiring is the norm, with particular reference to the role of ethnically homogeneous social networks and forms of discrimination. We employ an agent-based modeling approach, adapting key elements from Waldinger and Lichter’s widely cited networked explanation of ethnic labor market segmentation. This approach allows us to provide a different lens on theories of ethnic labor market segmentation, investigating the relative impacts of different causal processes that are difficult to investigate in this way using other social science approaches. The overall results from our model indicate that ethnically homogeneous social networks have the effect of increasing the level of ethnic segmentation within a referral-based labor market, but that these networks also help immigrant populations grow and protect them from the negative impacts of employer discrimination. Furthermore, these networks have a greater impact on labor market segmentation than discrimination alone. In conclusion, this sociologically informed agent-based model provides important insights into the manner and extent in which changes in social conditions may affect population-level phenomena.

scholarly journals Greening work: labor market policies for the environment

Empirica ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Bohnenberger
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Development Goals

AbstractJobs are essential for social inclusion, raising taxes, and guaranteeing the financial resilience of (welfare) states. At the same time, the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the European Green Deal require the greening of our economies and labor markets. This paper assesses how labor market policies can green employment. The paper analyses the potential effects of eight different policy strategies on four dimensions of the Taxonomy of Sustainable Employment: conversion of plants and businesses, environmental labor law, climate decommodification, socio-ecological job guarantee, vocational guidance and retraining, distribution of employment time, alternative income sources, and equalization of income. All eight strategies have the potential of greening employment but feature different intensities in the four dimensions. In the light of environmental crises, the results suggest widening the toolbox of labor market policies for a green and just transition.

scholarly journals First-order agent-based models of emergent behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum and their inspiration for swarm robotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-655
Author(s):  
Mohammad Parhizkar ◽  
Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo ◽  
Jahn Nitschke ◽  
Louis Hellequin ◽  
Assane Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Swarm Robotics ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Emergent Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Collective behaviour in nature provides a source of inspiration to engineer artificial collective adaptive systems, due to their mechanisms favouring adaptation to environmental changes and enabling complex emergent behaviour to arise from a relatively simple behaviour of individual entities. As part of our ongoing research, we study the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum to derive agent-based models and mechanisms that we can then exploit in artificial systems, in particular in swarm robotics. In this paper, we present a selection of agent-based models of the aggregation phase of D. discoideum, their corresponding biological illustrations and how we used them as an inspiration for transposing this behaviour into swarms of Kilobots. We focus on the stream-breaking phenomenon occurring during the aggregation phase of the life cycle of D. discoideum. Results show that the breakup of aggregation streams depends on cell density, motility, motive force and the concentration of cAMP and CF. The breakup also comes with the appearance of late centres. Our computational results show similar behaviour to our biological experiments, using Ax2(ka) strain. For swarm robotics experiments, we focus on signalling and aggregation towards a centre.

The labor market in Latin America at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: impacts, responses and perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (S2) ◽  
pp. S156-S171
Author(s):  
Roxana Maurizio ◽  
Fabio Bertranou
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Relevant Element ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Active Labor ◽  
Active Labor Market Policies ◽  
Active Labor Market

Latin America is experiencing an unprecedented crisis in its labor markets because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is reflected in a drastic contraction of employment, hours worked, and income. The outlook is even more worrying when considering that these impacts have been unequal and that the path of recovery, which is slowly emerging in the region, could be accompanied by a widening of labor and income gaps across different population groups. This crisis, therefore, would be exacerbating the high levels of inequality that existed before the outbreak of the pandemic, even though countries have made significant efforts to rapidly implement a set of policies aimed at sustaining employment and incomes. It is crucial to strengthen the labor institutional framework, particularly with regard to active labor market policies. Likewise, occupational health and safety have become a relevant element for any recovery strategies with safe and healthy employment.

scholarly journals Unemployment and labor market policy in Visegrad Group countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Zieliński
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labor Market Policy ◽  
Market Policy ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Total Labor ◽  
Active Labor Market Policies ◽  
Visegrad Group

In the recent years, an economic crisis has appeared in most economies. It affected the labor market situation. This article refers to the changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad Group countries. The analysis concerns the relations between the economic crisis, the level and structure of unemployment (taking into account the situation of women and young people as the groups strongly exposed to unemployment), and the level and structure of expenditures within the labor market policy. The article is based on the data published by Eurostat, using the tools of descriptive statistics, and statistical indexes, in particular. The research period covers the years 2007-2012, which is dictated by the availability of comparable statistical data. An analysis of the data indicates that the economic crisis increased the economic activity of the population, which contributed to an increase in unemployment. There is no discrimination against women in the labor market, but there has been a serious increase in unemployment among young people. With the increase in unemployment, the expenditures on the total labor market policy have increased, as have those on passive labor market policies and labor market service. Expenditures on active labor market policies (ALMPs) grow relatively more slowly, which may be especially evident in the case of expenditure on training.

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