scholarly journals Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States*

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 1567-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Chetty ◽  
John N Friedman ◽  
Emmanuel Saez ◽  
Nicholas Turner ◽  
Danny Yagan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private Colleges ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Act Scores ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Income Segregation

Abstract We construct publicly available statistics on parents’ incomes and students’ earnings outcomes for each college in the United States using deidentified data from tax records. These statistics reveal that the degree of parental income segregation across colleges is very high, similar to that across neighborhoods. Differences in postcollege earnings between children from low- and high-income families are much smaller among students who attend the same college than across colleges. Colleges with the best earnings outcomes predominantly enroll students from high-income families, although a few mid-tier public colleges have both low parent income levels and high student earnings. Linking these income data to SAT and ACT scores, we simulate how changes in the allocation of students to colleges affect segregation and intergenerational mobility. Equalizing application, admission, and matriculation rates across parental income groups conditional on test scores would reduce segregation substantially, primarily by increasing the representation of middle-class students at more selective colleges. However, it would have little effect on the fraction of low-income students at elite private colleges because there are relatively few students from low-income families with sufficiently high SAT/ACT scores. Differences in parental income distributions across colleges could be eliminated by giving low- and middle-income students a sliding-scale preference in the application and admissions process similar to that implicitly given to legacy students at elite private colleges. Assuming that 80% of observational differences in students’ earnings conditional on test scores, race, and parental income are due to colleges’ causal effects—a strong assumption, but one consistent with prior work—such changes could reduce intergenerational income persistence among college students by about 25%. We conclude that changing how students are allocated to colleges could substantially reduce segregation and increase intergenerational mobility, even without changing colleges’ educational programs.

Assisted Housing and Income Segregation among Neighborhoods in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 660 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Owens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Income Segregation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Income Families

Over the past 40 years, assisted housing in the United States has undergone a dramatic geographic deconcentration, with at least one unit of assisted housing now located in most metropolitan neighborhoods. The location of assisted housing shapes where low-income assisted renters live, and it may also affect the residential choices of nonassisted residents. This article examines whether the deconcentration of assisted housing has reduced the segregation of families by income among neighborhoods in metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2005–9. I find that the deconcentration of assisted housing resulted in modest economic residential integration for very low-income families. However, high-income families became even more segregated, as assisted housing was deconcentrated, potentially offsetting the economic integration gains and ensuring that very low-income families are living in neighborhoods with only slightly higher-income neighbors. I conclude by discussing features of housing policies that might promote greater income integration among neighborhoods.

Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion, and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Bloome ◽  
Shauna Dyer ◽  
Xiang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Low Income Children ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Full Force

The children of high-income parents often become high-income adults, while their low-income peers often become low-income adults. Education plays a central role in this intergenerational income persistence. Because education-based inequalities grew in recent decades, many scholars predicted that intergenerational income persistence would increase. However, previous research suggests that it remained stable across recent cohorts. We address this puzzle. Analyzing National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data, we find that growing educational inequality by parental income, along with rising economic returns to education, increased intergenerational persistence, as scholars expected. However, two countervailing trends offset this increase. The expansion of higher education reduced persistence, because completing college helps low-income children become high-income adults. Yet, this reduction in persistence was far from enough to offset the increase in persistence associated with growing educational inequality and rising educational returns. Intergenerational persistence would have increased if not for another change: within educational groups, parental income became less predictive of adult income. New methodological tools underlie these findings, tools that quantify, for the first time, education’s full force in intergenerational income persistence. These findings suggest that to reduce intergenerational persistence, educational policies should focus less on how many people complete college and more on who completes college.

scholarly journals Trends in Cancer Diseases Prevalence by Different Socioeconomic Strata in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingsi Wang ◽  
Yi Ma ◽  
Liangru Zhou ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata ◽  
Cancer Diseases

Abstract Background Income disparity among different socioeconomic strata in the United States has widened sharply in recent decades. Take into account the well-established link between income and health, this widening income gap may provide insight into the dynamics of the cancer disease burden in American adults. Assess the temporal trends of the 20-year predicted absolute cancer risk in American adults at different socioeconomic classes. Methods The cross-sectional analyses were carried out using data from adults aged 20 to 85 years between the 1999 and 2018 NHANES. Socioeconomic status was divided into three groups based on the family income to poverty ratio (PIR): high income (PIR ≥ 4), middle income (> 1 and <4), or at or below the federal poverty level (≤ 1). Results The analysis included 49 720 participants. The prevalence of lung cancer was lower in high-income participants than in middle-income participants (0.15% [n= 19] vs 0.35% [n= 92], p <0.001). For the low-income stratum, the prevalence of breast cancer was 1.12% [n = 117], but the number of adults in the middle (1.48% [n = 391], p = 0.009) and high-income levels (1.71% [n = 219], p <0.001) has increased. Conclusions The study found that the prevalence of cancer diseases was increasingly different among participants of different socioeconomic classes of NHANES from 1999 to 2018. Further research is required on the dynamics and health impact of income inequality, as well as public health policies and efforts to reduce these inequalities.

scholarly journals Migration of International Medical Graduates: Implications for the Brain-Drain

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.C. Nwagwu Emeka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Brain

Studies indicate that about 23 percent to 28 percent of the physicians working and residing in the United States, Canada, Australia, the UK and New Zealand were born and trained in the low-income countries, areas suffering from critical shortages of physicians and other health workers. In the US alone, the preponderance of the foreign physicians hails from South Africa, Philippines, India, Pakistan, and Nigeria. From Africa alone where the burden of disease, poverty, deprivation and death are greatest, around 23,000 qualified physicians emigrate annually. From the perspectives of the low-income countries, significant amounts of resources are, by necessity, committed into turning their nationals into vital intellectual capital for their own desperately needed health needs and crumbling healthcare systems. Thus, the migration of these physicians to other nations to help strengthen their already stable health care systems is not only ethically deplorable but poses moral hazards for both the physicians and the high-income countries. That is, high-income countries such as the United States, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand are draining the scarce recourses of the low-income countries through the loss of intellectual capital, a phenomenon that socio-economic and developmental experts have dubbed “the brain drain”.

Status of the Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in International Settings: A Survey of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasia Safdar ◽  
Sharmila Sengupta ◽  
Jackson S. Musuuza ◽  
Manisha Juthani-Mehta ◽  
Marci Drees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Income ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Healthcare Epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo examine self-reported practices and policies to reduce infection and transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in healthcare settings outside the United States.DESIGNCross-sectional survey.PARTICIPANTSInternational members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Research Network.METHODSElectronic survey of infection control and prevention practices, capabilities, and barriers outside the United States and Canada. Participants were stratified according to their country’s economic development status as defined by the World Bank as low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income.RESULTSA total of 76 respondents (33%) of 229 SHEA members outside the United States and Canada completed the survey questionnaire, representing 30 countries. Forty (53%) were high-, 33 (43%) were middle-, and 1 (1%) was a low-income country. Country data were missing for 2 respondents (3%). Of the 76 respondents, 64 (84%) reported having a formal or informal antibiotic stewardship program at their institution. High-income countries were more likely than middle-income countries to have existing MDRO policies (39/64 [61%] vs 25/64 [39%],P=.003) and to place patients with MDRO in contact precautions (40/72 [56%] vs 31/72 [44%],P=.05). Major barriers to preventing MDRO transmission included constrained resources (infrastructure, supplies, and trained staff) and challenges in changing provider behavior.CONCLUSIONSIn this survey, a substantial proportion of institutions reported encountering barriers to implementing key MDRO prevention strategies. Interventions to address capacity building internationally are urgently needed. Data on the infection prevention practices of low income countries are needed.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2016:1–8

Food Deserts and the Causes of Nutritional Inequality*

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 1793-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunt Allcott ◽  
Rebecca Diamond ◽  
Jean-Pierre Dubé ◽  
Jessie Handbury ◽  
Ilya Rahkovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Food Deserts ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Poor ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Retail Chains

Abstract We study the causes of “nutritional inequality”: why the wealthy eat more healthfully than the poor in the United States. Exploiting supermarket entry and household moves to healthier neighborhoods, we reject that neighborhood environments contribute meaningfully to nutritional inequality. We then estimate a structural model of grocery demand, using a new instrument exploiting the combination of grocery retail chains’ differing presence across geographic markets with their differing comparative advantages across product groups. Counterfactual simulations show that exposing low-income households to the same products and prices available to high-income households reduces nutritional inequality by only about 10%, while the remaining 90% is driven by differences in demand. These findings counter the argument that policies to increase the supply of healthy groceries could play an important role in reducing nutritional inequality.

scholarly journals A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym Roberts ◽  
Ogilvie Thom ◽  
Susan Devine ◽  
Peter A. Leggat ◽  
Amy E. Peden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Public Health Issue

Abstract Background Drowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. Methods A systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines. Results The final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females). Conclusion Adult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning.

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