Validity and reliability of a sensor-based electronic spinal mobility index for axial spondyloarthritis

Abstract Objective To evaluate the validity and reliability of inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors in the assessment of spinal mobility in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Methods A repeated measures study design involving 40 participants with axSpA was used. Pairs of IMU sensors were used to measure the maximum range of movement at the cervical (Cx) and lumbar (Lu) spine. A composite IMU score was defined by combining the IMU measures. Conventional metrology and physical function assessment were performed. Validation was assessed considering the agreement of IMU measures with conventional metrology and correlation with physical function. Reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results The composite IMU score correlated closely (r = 0.88) with the BASMI. Conventional Cx rotation and lateral flexion tests correlated closely with IMU equivalents (r = 0.85, 0.84). All IMU movement tests correlated strongly with BASFI, while this was true for only some of the BASMI tests. The reliability of both conventional and IMU tests (except for chest expansion) ranged from good to excellent. Test–retest ICCs for individual conventional tests varied between 0.57 and 0.91, in comparison to a range from 0.74 to 0.98 for each of the IMU tests. Each of the composite regional IMU scores had excellent test–retest reliability (ICCs=0.94–0.97), comparable to the reliability of the BASMI (ICC=0.96). Conclusion Cx and Lu spinal mobility measured using wearable IMU sensors is a valid and reliable assessment in multiple planes (including rotation), in patients with a wide range of axSpA severity.

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Valid and Reliable Barbell Velocity Estimation Using an Inertial Measurement Unit

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18179170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

pp. 9170

Author(s):

Steffen Held ◽

Ludwig Rappelt ◽

Jan-Philip Deutsch ◽

Lars Donath

Keyword(s):

Inertial Measurement Unit ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Velocity Estimation ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Inertial Measurement ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Reliability Indicators

The accurate assessment of the mean concentric barbell velocity (MCV) and its displacement are crucial aspects of resistance training. Therefore, the validity and reliability indicators of an easy-to-use inertial measurement unit (VmaxPro®) were examined. Nineteen trained males (23.1 ± 3.2 years, 1.78 ± 0.08 m, 75.8 ± 9.8 kg; Squat 1-Repetition maximum (1RM): 114.8 ± 24.5 kg) performed squats and hip thrusts (3–5 sets, 30 repetitions total, 75% 1RM) on two separate days. The MCV and displacement were simultaneously measured using VmaxPro® and a linear position transducer (Speed4Lift®). Good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (0.91 < ICC < 0.96) with a small systematic bias (p < 0.001; ηp2 < 0.50) for squats (0.01 ± 0.04 m·s−1) and hip thrusts (0.01 ± 0.05 m·s−1) and a low limit of agreement (LoA < 0.12 m·s−1) indicated an acceptable validity. The within- and between-day reliability of the MCV revealed good ICCs (0.55 < ICC < 0.91) and a low LoA (<0.16 m·s−1). Although the displacement revealed a systematic bias during squats (p < 0.001; ηp2 < 0.10; 3.4 ± 3.4 cm), no bias was detectable during hip thrusts (p = 0.784; ηp2 < 0.001; 0.3 ± 3.3 cm). The displacement showed moderate to good ICCs (0.43 to 0.95) but a high LoA (7.8 to 10.7 cm) for the validity and (within- and between-day) reliability of squats and hip thrusts. The VmaxPro® is considered to be a valid and reliable tool for the MCV assessment.

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Measuring Spinal Mobility Using an Inertial Measurement Unit System: A Validation Study in Axial Spondyloarthritis

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10060426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 426

Author(s):

I. Concepción Aranda-Valera ◽

Antonio Cuesta-Vargas ◽

Juan L. Garrido-Castro ◽

Philip V. Gardiner ◽

Clementina López-Medina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Outcome Measures ◽

Motion Capture ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Human Motion ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Human Motion Analysis ◽

Inertial Measurement ◽

Optical Motion ◽

Optical Motion Capture

Portable inertial measurement units (IMUs) are beginning to be used in human motion analysis. These devices can be useful for the evaluation of spinal mobility in individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The objectives of this study were to assess (a) concurrent criterion validity in individuals with axSpA by comparing spinal mobility measured by an IMU sensor-based system vs. optical motion capture as the reference standard; (b) discriminant validity comparing mobility with healthy volunteers; (c) construct validity by comparing mobility results with relevant outcome measures. A total of 70 participants with axSpA and 20 healthy controls were included. Individuals with axSpA completed function and activity questionnaires, and their mobility was measured using conventional metrology for axSpA, an optical motion capture system, and an IMU sensor-based system. The UCOASMI, a metrology index based on measures obtained by motion capture, and the IUCOASMI, the same index using IMU measures, were also calculated. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to show the relationships between outcome measures. There was excellent agreement (ICC > 0.90) between both systems and a significant correlation between the IUCOASMI and conventional metrology (r = 0.91), activity (r = 0.40), function (r = 0.62), quality of life (r = 0.55) and structural change (r = 0.76). This study demonstrates the validity of an IMU system to evaluate spinal mobility in axSpA. These systems are more feasible than optical motion capture systems, and they could be useful in clinical practice.

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High Reproducibility of an Automated Measurement of Mobility for Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.170941 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 1383-1388 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Juan L. Garrido-Castro ◽

Rafael Curbelo ◽

Ramón Mazzucchelli ◽

María E. Domínguez-González ◽

Cristina Gonzalez-Navas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Activity Index ◽

Interobserver Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Disease Activity Index ◽

Intraobserver Reliability ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Video Capture

Objective.Conventional measures of spinal mobility used in the assessment of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), such as the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index and its components, are subject to interobserver variability. The University of Córdoba Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (UCOASMI) is a validated composite index based on a motion video-capture system, UCOTrack. Our objective was to assess its reproducibility in clinical practice settings.Methods.We carried out an observational study of repeated measures in 3 centers. Video-capture systems were installed and adapted to clinical rooms. Patients with axSpA and stable disease were selected by consecutive stratified sampling [disease duration, sex, and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)]. Intraobserver reliability of the UCOASMI and of conventional measures was tested 3–5 days apart. For interobserver reliability, 3 patients from each center were evaluated in the other centers, within 3–7 days. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated.Results.Thirty patients were included (73% men, mean age 53 yrs, mean BASDAI 3.0). Interobserver and intraobserver ICC of the UCOASMI was 0.98. Conventional measurements showed lower but adequate reproducibility as well, except for interobserver reliability of lateral flexion (0.41), cervical rotation (0.61), and Schöber test (0.07), and intraobserver reliability of tragus-to-wall distance (0.30).Conclusion.Reproducibility of the UCOASMI seems very high, and apparently more reliable than conventional measures of mobility.

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Spinal Mobility in Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: Criterion Concurrent Validity of Classic and Novel Measurements

10.21203/rs.3.rs-257596/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

John Charles Snow ◽

Kyle Simpson ◽

Proton Rahman ◽

Samuel Howarth ◽

Diana De Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Concurrent Validity ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Lateral Bending ◽

Forward Bending ◽

Spine Mobility ◽

Method R ◽

Flexion Test ◽

Spinal Flexion

Abstract Background: Limitations in spinal mobility are a characteristic feature of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Current clinical measurements of spinal mobility have shown low criterion-concurrent validity. This study sought to evaluate criterion-concurrent validity for a clinically feasible measurement method of measuring spine mobility using tri-axial accelerometers.Methods: 15 radiographic-Spondyloarthritis patients were recruited for this study. Two postural reference radiographs, followed by three trials in forward, left and right lateral bending were taken. For all trials, three measurements were collected: tape (Original Schober’s, Modified Schober’s, Modified-Modified Schober’s, Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test), followed immediately by synchronized radiograph and accelerometer measurements at end range of forward and bilateral lateral flexion. The criterion-concurrent validity of all measurement methods were compared to the radiographic measures using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. A Bland-Altman analysis was conducted to assess agreement.Results: In forward bending, the accelerometer method (r=0.590, p=0.010) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measures than all tape measures. In lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion tape measure (r=0.743, p=0.001) correlated stronger than the accelerometer method (r=0.556, p=0.016). The Domjan test of bilateral bending (r=0.708, p=0.002) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measure than the accelerometer method. Conclusions: Accelerometer measures demonstrated superior criterion-concurrent validity compared to current tape measures of spinal mobility in forward bending. While a moderate correlation exists between accelerometer and radiographs in lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test were found to have the best criterion-concurrent validity of all tests examined in this study.

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The validity and reliability of ultra-short-term heart rate variability parameters and the influence of physiological covariates

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00955.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joel S. Burma ◽

Sarah Graver ◽

Lauren N. Miutz ◽

Alannah Macaulay ◽

Paige V. Copeland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Frequency Domain ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Short Term ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Orthostatic Position

Background: Ultra-short-term (UST) heart rate variability (HRV) metrics have increasingly been proposed as surrogates for short-term HRV metrics. However, the concurrent validity, within-day reliability, and between-day reliability of UST HRV have yet to be comprehensively documented. Methods: Thirty-six adults (18 males, age: 26 ± 5 years, BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2) were recruited. Measures of HRV were quantified in a quiet-stance upright orthostatic position via three-lead electrocardiogram (ADInstruments, FE232 BioAmp). All short-term data recordings were 300-seconds in length and five UST time points (i.e., 30-seconds, 60-seconds, 120-seconds, 180-seconds, and 240-seconds) were extracted from the original 300-second recording. Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement, repeated measures ANOVA, and two-tailed paired t-tests demarcated differences between UST and short-term recordings. Linear regressions, coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficients, and other tests examined the validity and reliability in both time- and frequency-domains. Results: No group differences were noted between all short-term and UST measures, for either time- (all p>0.202) or frequency-domain metrics (all p>0.086). A longer recording duration was associated with augmented validity and reliability, that was less impacted by confounding influences from physiological variables (e.g., respiration rate, carbon dioxide end-tidals, and blood pressure). Conclusively, heart rate, time-domain, and relative frequency-domain HRV metrics were acceptable with recordings greater or equal to 60s, 240s, and 300s, respectively. Conclusions: Future studies employing UST HRV metrics, should thoroughly understand the methodological requirements to obtain accurate results. Moreover, a conservative approach should be utilized regarding the minimum acceptable recording duration, which ensures valid/reliable HRV estimates are obtained.

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Measuring Spinal Mobility Using an Inertial Measurement Unit System: A Reliability Study in Axial Spondyloarthritis

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11030490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 490

Author(s):

Megan O’Grady ◽

Tom O’Dwyer ◽

James Connolly ◽

Joan Condell ◽

Karla Muñoz Esquivel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Study Participant ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Flexion Extension ◽

Proxy Measure ◽

Linear Version ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Clinical Measures

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reliability of wearable inertial motion unit (IMU) sensors in measuring spinal range of motion under supervised and unsupervised conditions in both laboratory and ambulatory settings. A secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of composite IMU metrology scores (IMU-ASMI (Amb)). Forty people with axSpA participated in this clinical measurement study. Participant spinal mobility was assessed by conventional metrology (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, linear version—BASMILin) and by a wireless IMU sensor-based system which measured lumbar flexion-extension, lateral flexion and rotation. Each sensor-based movement test was converted to a normalized index and used to calculate IMU-ASMI (Amb) scores. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). There was good to excellent agreement for all spinal range of movements (ICC > 0.85) and IMU-ASMI (Amb) scores (ICC > 0.87) across all conditions. Correlations between IMU-ASMI (Amb) scores and conventional metrology were strong (Pearson correlation ≥ 0.85). An IMU sensor-based system is a reliable way of measuring spinal lumbar mobility in axSpA under supervised and unsupervised conditions. While not a replacement for established clinical measures, composite IMU-ASMI (Amb) scores may be reliably used as a proxy measure of spinal mobility.

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Spinal mobility in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: criterion concurrent validity of classic and novel measurements

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-04352-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

John Charles Snow ◽

Kyle Simpson ◽

Proton Rahman ◽

Samuel Howarth ◽

Diana De Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Concurrent Validity ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Lateral Bending ◽

Forward Bending ◽

Spine Mobility ◽

Method R ◽

Flexion Test ◽

Spinal Flexion

Abstract Background Limitations in spinal mobility are a characteristic feature of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Current clinical measurements of spinal mobility have shown low criterion-concurrent validity. This study sought to evaluate criterion-concurrent validity for a clinically feasible measurement method of measuring spine mobility using tri-axial accelerometers. Methods Fifteen radiographic-Spondyloarthritis patients were recruited for this study. Two postural reference radiographs, followed by three trials in forward, left and right lateral bending were taken. For all trials, three measurements were collected: tape (Original Schober’s, Modified Schober’s, Modified-Modified Schober’s, Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test), followed immediately by synchronized radiograph and accelerometer measurements at end range of forward and bilateral lateral flexion. The criterion-concurrent validity of all measurement methods was compared to the radiographic measures using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. A Bland-Altman analysis was conducted to assess agreement. Results In forward bending, the accelerometer method (r = 0.590, p = 0.010) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measures than all tape measures. In lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion tape measure (r = 0.743, p = 0.001) correlated stronger than the accelerometer method (r = 0.556, p = 0.016). The Domjan test of bilateral bending (r = 0.708, p = 0.002) had a stronger correlation to the radiographic measure than the accelerometer method. Conclusions Accelerometer measures demonstrated superior criterion-concurrent validity compared to current tape measures of spinal mobility in forward bending. While a moderate correlation exists between accelerometer and radiographs in lateral bending, the Lateral Spinal Flexion Test and Domjan Test were found to have the best criterion-concurrent validity of all tests examined in this study.

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Measuring spinal mobility in early axial spondyloarthritis: does it matter?

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/kez026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (9) ◽

pp. 1597-1606 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mary Lucy Marques ◽

Sofia Ramiro ◽

Philippe Goupille ◽

Maxime Dougados ◽

Floris van Gaalen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Activity ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Spinal Mobility ◽

Study Patient ◽

Group Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Over Time

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the frequency and order of impairment of spinal mobility measures (SMMs) and their cross-sectional and longitudinal usefulness in early axial spondyloarthritis.MethodsSMMs measurements of patients from the DESIR (5-year data) and SPACE (2.6 (1.9) years of follow-up) cohorts were analysed. Cross-sectional (group level) and longitudinal (individual level) analyses were performed comparing SMMs to pre-defined cut-offs derived from healthy individuals. Subgroup analyses were used to study patient and disease characteristics potentially influencing spinal mobility. Reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients and the smallest detectable change.ResultsIn 328 DESIR and 148 SPACE patients, lateral spinal flexion (LSF) and mSchober were the most impaired SMMs. If both (LSF and mSchober) were measured, 84% (DESIR) and 74% (SPACE) of the patients with impairment in ≥1 SMM would be captured. LSF and Bath AS Metrology Index best discriminated between subgroups of patients (higher impairment in patients ever treated with biologics, with higher disease activity and presence of baseline syndesmophytes): e.g. 31% of LSF impairment in patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) < 2.1 in ≥2/3 visits vs 49% in those with ASDS ≥ 2.1. A high variability in SMMs within the same patient over time was observed, even when restricting the analysis to patients with low disease activity. Reliability of SMMs was ‘fair’ to ‘good’ (inter-reader intraclass correlation coefficients (2, 1): 0.55–0.84; intrareader intraclass correlation coefficients (2, 1): 0.49–0.72). Smallest detectable changes were in general high, e.g. 5.1 cm for LSF.ConclusionCross-sectional use of SMMs, at the group level, is informative in patients with early axial spondyloarthritis. However, the high variation of SMMs over time impairs their use, at the individual patient level.

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The role of sports on problem solving skills of high school students: An application in AfyonkarahisarLise öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerileri üzerinde sporun rolü: Afyonkarahisar’da bir uygulama

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 5449 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meltem Işık ◽

İbrahim Kılıç ◽

Osman Kaplan

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Team Sports ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

School Students ◽

Problem Solving Skills

In this research, it is aimed to compare the problem-solving skills of students who play sports and non-sports by identifying the problem-solving skills of high school students. In total, 200 students were sampled in this study. 100 of them do not play sports at all and 100 of them playsports in one sports branch in at least one of four dıfferent hıgh schools in Afyonkarahisar. In the selection of the students, stratified sampling method was used in order to represent the students of every class. As data collection form, which was developed by Heppner and Petersen (1982) and whose validity and reliability studies were carried out by Şahin N.H., Şahin N. and Heppner (1993) and which included 32 items were used. For the data analysis; descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA and pearson correlation coefficients were employed. As a result of the research, it was determined that general problem solving skills of the students were moderate. While it was determined that the problem solving skills of the students who did sports were higher than those who did not do sports (p <0.05), it was found that the students who are doing sports are higher than those who do not sports in hasty, evaluative, safe and planned approach. However, the overall problem solving skills of the individual sports students were found to be higher than those of the team sports students (p<0,01). In addition, the students' problem-solving skills differ significantly from the classroom and sports branch group (p<0,05). The results of this research show that it positively affects problem-solving skills and thus there is a need to steer students to play sports and support them in accordance with students skills. ÖzetBu araştırmada, lise öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerilerini belirleyerek, spor yapan ve yapmayan öğrencilerin problem çözme becerilerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu Afyonkarahisar il merkezindeki dört lisede öğrenim gören ve 100’ü spor yapmayan, 100’ü de en az bir spor dalında faaliyet gösteren öğrenciler olmak üzere toplam 200 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Öğrencilerin seçiminde her sınıftan öğrencinin temsil edilmesi bakımından tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak, Heppner ve Peterson (1982) tarafından geliştirilen ve Şahin N.H., Şahin N. ve Heppner (1993) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları gerçekleştirilen ve 32 maddeyi içeren Problem Çözme Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; tanımlayıcı istatistik, tek yönlü varyans analizi, tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi ve pearson korelasyon katsayısı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin genel problem çözme becerilerinin orta düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Spor yapan öğrencilerde problem çözme becerilerinin spor yapmayanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu saptanırken (p<0.05) spor yapan öğrencilerin aceleci, değerlendirici, güvenli ve planlı yaklaşımda spor yapmayanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bireysel spor yapan öğrencilerin genel problem çözme becerileri takım sporu yapan öğrencilere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,01). Ayrıca, öğrencilerin problem çözme becerileri eğitim gördüğü sınıf ve spor branşı grubuna göre anlamlı farklılık göstermektedir (p<0,05). Bu araştırma sonuçlarının ilgili kişi, kurum ve kuruluş tarafından önemle dikkate alınarak öğrencilerin yetenek ve istekleri doğrultusunda spora yönlendirilmeleri ve desteklenmeleri önerilmektedir.

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Concurrent validity and intra-trial reliability of a bluetooth-embedded inertial measurement unit for real-time joint range of motion

International Journal of Computer Science in Sport ◽

10.2478/ijcss-2019-0015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Oh ◽

W. Lim ◽

N. Lee

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Inertial Measurement Unit ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Inertial Measurement ◽

Performance Ability

Abstract Along with advancements in science and technology, anthropometric measurements using electronic devices have become possible, and research is being actively conducted on this topic. Recently, devices using Bluetooth that are portable because of their small size have been developed to allow real-time measurements and recording. This study investigated the concurrent validity and intra-trial reliability of a recently developed Bluetooth-embedded inertial measurement unit. Thirty-seven healthy, young adult participants (age = 22.1±1.2 years, height = 166.8±1.6 cm, mass = 61.9±12.3 kg) were included in the study. The knee extension angles during active knee extension were measured for validity, using both the Bluetooth-embedded inertial measurement unit and the standard goniometer. Intra-trial reliability was tested for consistency during repeated measurements. The intra-class correlation coefficients value for the concurrent validity between the Bluetooth-embedded inertial measurement unit and standard goniometer was 0.991, and the values for the intra-trial reliability of the two devices were 0.973 and 0.963, respectively. Based on its high validity and reliability, the Bluetooth-embedded device may be useful for evaluating functional impairment and exercise performance ability by real-time measurements of joint ranges of motion in clinical rehabilitation or sports fields.

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