scholarly journals Self-Oriented Neural Circuitry Predicts Other-Oriented Adaptive Risks in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seh-Joo Kwon ◽  
Caitlin C Turypn ◽  
Mitchell J Prinstein ◽  
Kristen A Lindquist ◽  
Eva H Telzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Self ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Risky Decisions

Abstract Adolescence is marked by changes in decision-making and perspective-taking abilities. Although adolescents make more adaptive decisions with age, little is understood about how adolescents make adaptive decisions that impact others and how this behavior changes developmentally. Functional coupling between reward (e.g., VS) and “social brain” (e.g., TPJ/pSTS, mPFC) systems may be differentially shape adaptive risks for the self and other. A total of 173 participants completed between 1-3 sessions across three waves (a total of 433 behavioral and 403 fMRI data points). During an fMRI scan, adolescents completed a risky decision-making task where they made risky decisions to win money for themselves and their parent. The risky decisions varied in their expected value (EV) of potential reward. Results show that from the 6th through 9th grades, adolescents took increasingly more adaptive risks for themselves than for their parent. Additionally, greater VS-TPJ/pSTS and VS-mPFC connectivity that tracks EV when making risky decisions for themselves in 6th grade, but a lower VS-mPFC connectivity in 9th grade, predicted greater adaptive risk taking for their parent. This study contributes to our understanding of the self as a neural proxy for promoting adaptive social behaviors in youth.

scholarly journals Self-other representation in the social brain reflects social connection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Courtney ◽  
Meghan L. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain

Social connection is critical to well-being, yet how the brain reflects our attachment to other people remains largely unknown. We combined univariate and multivariate brain imaging analyses to assess whether and how the brain organizes representations of others based on how connected they are to our own identity. During an fMRI scan, participants (N=43) completed a self- and other-reflection task for 16 targets: the self, five close others, five acquaintances, and five celebrities. In addition, they reported their subjective closeness to each target and their own trait loneliness. We examined neural responses to the self and others in a brain region that has been associated with self-representation (medial prefrontal cortex; MPFC) and across the whole brain. The structure of self-other representation in the MPFC and across the social brain appeared to cluster targets into three social categories: the self, social network members (including close others and acquaintances), and celebrities. Moreover, both univariate activation in MPFC and multivariate self-other similarity in MPFC and across the social brain increased with subjective self-other closeness ratings. Critically, participants who were less socially connected (i.e. lonelier) showed altered self-other mapping in social brain regions. Most notably, in MPFC, loneliness was associated with reduced representational similarity between the self and others. The social brain apparently maintains information about broad social categories as well as closeness to the self. Moreover, these results point to the possibility that feelings of chronic social disconnection may be mirrored by a ‘lonelier’ neural self-representation.Significance StatementSocial connection is critical to well-being, yet how the brain reflects our attachment to people remains unclear. We found that the social brain stratifies neural representations of people based on our subjective connection to them, separately clustering people who are and are not in our social network. Moreover, the people we feel closest to are represented most closely to ourselves. Finally, lonelier individuals also appeared to have a ‘lonelier’ neural self-representation in the MPFC, as loneliness attenuated the closeness between self and other neural representations in this region. The social brain appears to map our interpersonal ties, and alterations in this map may help explain why lonely individuals endorse statements such as ‘people are around me but not with me’.

scholarly journals Eating to dare - Nutrition impacts human risky decision and related brain function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Liu ◽  
Sergio Oroz Artigas ◽  
Anja Ulrich ◽  
Jeremy Tardu ◽  
Peter N. C. Mohr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
Risky Decisions

AbstractMacronutrient composition modulates plasma amino acids that are precursors of neurotransmitters and can impact brain function and decisions. Neurotransmitter serotonin has been shown to regulate not only food intake, but also economic decisions. We investigated whether an acute nutrition-manipulation inducing plasma tryptophan fluctuation affects brain function, thereby affecting risky decisions. Breakfasts differing in carbohydrate/protein ratios were offered to test changes in risky decision making while metabolic and neural dynamics were tracked. We identified that a high-carbohydrate/protein meal increased plasma tryptophan which mapped to individual risk propensity changes. Moreover, the meal-driven fluctuation in tryptophan and risk propensity changes were modulated by individual difference in body fat mass. Using fMRI, we further identified activation in the parietal lobule during risk-processing, of which activities 1) were correlated with the risk propensity changes in decision making, 2) were sensitive to the tryptophan fluctuation, and 3) were modulated by individual’s body fat mass. Furthermore, the activity in the parietal lobule positively mediated the tryptophan-fluctuation to risk-propensity-changes relationship. Our results provide evidence for a personalized nutrition-driven modulation on human risky decisions and its metabolic and neural mechanisms.

scholarly journals RIZIKINGŲ SPRENDIMŲ PRIĖMIMO IR SITUACIJOS POBŪDŽIO SĄSAJOS

Psichologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Auksė Endriulaitienė ◽  
Vaclovas Martišius
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risky Decisions

Šiuolaikinė socialinė teorija nurodo, kad vystosi vadinamoji rizikos visuomenė, todėl problemos, susijusios su rizikingų sprendimų priėmimu, tampa vis aktualesnės. Didžiausia yra konteksto veiksnių priimant rizikingus sprendimus srities (pvz., problemos formulavimo, užduoties sudėtingumo ir kt.) tyrimų įvairovė. Tačiau neaišku, ar problemos turinys turi įtakos polinkiui priimti rizikingus sprendimus. Šio darbo tikslas buvo patikrinti hipotezę, ar žmonės labiau linkę priimti rizikingus sveikatos ir piniginės nei socialinės ir etinės rizikos sričių sprendimus. Tyrime dalyvavo 602 respondentai; jie pildė Kogano ir Wallacho (1964, 1967) pasiūlytą Pasirinkimo dilemų klausimyną. Pagal metodiką reikėjo pasirinkti priimtiną rizikingo sprendimo tikimybę iš dvylikos situacijų (piniginės, sveikatos, socialinės ir etinės rizikos sričių). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad žmonės priima rizikingiausius sveikatos rizikos ir saugiausius etinės rizikos sričių sprendimus. Tačiau rizikingų sprendimų priėmimo ir rizikos srities, situacijos pobūdžio ryšys gali kisti dėl individualių veiksnių (pvz., lyties, amžiaus). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISKY DECISION MAKING AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS Auksė Endriulaitienė, Vaclovas Martišius SummaryRecent social theory proposes the idea that the risk society is developing, so the problems of risky decision making are more and more urgent. There are a lot of investigations in the field of situational correlates of risky decision making (e. g., problem framing, task difficulty, etc.). But there is not clear if the problem content has the impact upon the propensity to make risky decisions. The goal of this work was to test hypothesis that people are more prone to risky decision making in health and monetary risk area than in social and ethical risk area. Participants were 602 subjects (age 18-60; 262 students and 340 workers). They completed Kogan and Wallach's (1964, 1967) Choice Dilemma Questionnaire (CDQ), where they had to choose the appropriate for them probability for risky decision in twelve situations (from monetary, health, social and ethical risk areas). The results showed that people make the most risky decisions in health risk area and the safest decisions in ethical risk area. But the relationship between risk area and risky decision making may be mediated by individual factors (e. g., gender and age).

Criterion-Related Validity of the Responsibility Scale of the California Psychological Inventory

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-320
Author(s):  
Brendan S. Weekes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
The Self ◽  
California Psychological Inventory ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychological Inventory ◽  
Responsibility Scale

A study was performed to assess the predictive validity of the Responsibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory by examining the relationship between standard scores and decision-making behaviour under varying conditions of risk. Subjects were required to make risky decisions on three different tasks, one where there was an opportunity to seek additional information to reduce risk for self, one where there was no opportunity to seek information for self, and one where a risky decision was made on behalf of another person. Responsibility scores correlated significantly with decision-making behaviour but only on tasks measuring risk-taking for the self.

scholarly journals Worth the wait: Children trade off delay and reward in self- and other-benefiting decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari Liu ◽  
Gorana Gonzalez ◽  
Felix Warneken
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
The Self ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Other Regarding

Human prosocial behaviors are supported by early-emerging psychological processes that detect and fulfill the needs of others. However, little is known about the mechanisms that enable children to deliver benefits to others at costs to the self, which requires weighing other-regarding and self-serving preferences. We used an intertemporal choice paradigm to systematically study and compare these behaviors in 5-year-old children. Our results show that other-benefiting and self-benefiting behavior share a common decision-making process that integrates delay and reward. Specifically, we found that children sought to minimize delay and maximize reward, and traded off delays against rewards, regardless of whether these rewards were for children themselves or another child. However, we found that children were more willing to invest their time to benefit themselves than someone else. Together, these findings show that from childhood, other- and self-serving decisions are supported by a general mechanism that flexibly integrates information about the magnitude of rewards, and the opportunity costs of pursuing them.

scholarly journals The Ethics of Making Risky Decisions for Others

2019 ◽  
pp. 445-473
Author(s):  
Luc Bovens
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Decisions For Others ◽  
Risky Decisions

Utilitarianism, it has been said, is not sensitive to the distribution of welfare. In making risky decisions for others there are multiple sensitivities at work. I present examples of risky decision-making involving drug allocations, charitable giving, breast-cancer screening and Caesarian sections. In each of these examples there is a different sensitivity at work that pulls away from the utilitarian prescription. Instances of saving fewer people at a greater risk to many is more complex because there are two distributional sensitivities at work that pull in opposite directions from the utilitarian calculus. I discuss objections to these sensitivities and conclude with some reflections on the value of formal modeling in thinking about societal risk.

scholarly journals The effect of emotion regulation on risk-taking and decision-related activity in prefrontal cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Morawetz ◽  
Peter N C Mohr ◽  
Hauke R Heekeren ◽  
Stefan Bode
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Subsequent Choice ◽  
Risky Decisions

Abstract Emotion regulation impacts the expected emotional responses to the outcomes of risky decisions via activation of cognitive control strategies. However, whether the regulation of emotional responses to preceding, incidental stimuli also impacts risk-taking in subsequent decisions is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the interplay between the regulation of incidentally induced emotional responses and subsequent choice behavior using a risky decision-making task in two independent samples (behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment). We found that overall, emotion regulation was followed by less risky decisions, which was further reflected in an increase in activation in brain regions in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex. These findings suggest that altering incidental emotions using reappraisal strategies impacts on subsequent risk-taking in decision-making.

scholarly journals Predicting our own and others’ future preferences: The role of social distance

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Bauckham ◽  
Rachel Lambert ◽  
Cristina M Atance ◽  
Patrick SR Davidson ◽  
Vanessa Taler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The Future

People underestimate how much their preferences will change in the future, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as a “presentism bias.” Recently, we found that this presentism bias is attenuated when thinking about the preferences of other people. The aim of this study was to investigate whether predicting future preferences also differs depending on the level of social distance between self and other. A total of 67 participants completed a perspective-taking task in which they were required to think about their own preferences, those of a generic peer, and those of a close other both now and in the future. They were also asked to consider the preferences of an older adult now. Participants predicted less change between their current and future preferences than between the current and future preferences of a generic peer. Predicted change in preferences for a close other were similar, but not identical, to those made for the self. When considering relevant future preferences, participants predicted less change for themselves than for their close others and less change for close others than for generic peers. In other words, as social distance increases, the presentism bias decreases. Interestingly, participants estimated that both they and their peers would not change so much that they become similar to current older adults. Simulating the future perspectives of a generic peer or, even better, the current perspectives of an older adult may thus result in improved long-term decision-making, as it may enable a more realistic estimation of the magnitude of likely changes in the future.

scholarly journals Learning to Play It Safe (or Not): Stable and Evolving Neural Responses during Adolescent Risky Decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Kahn ◽  
Shannon J. Peake ◽  
Thomas J. Dishion ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stormshak ◽  
Jennifer H. Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Simulation Game ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Risky Decisions

Adolescent decision-making is a topic of great public and scientific interest. However, much of the neuroimaging research in this area contrasts only one facet of decision-making (e.g., neural responses to anticipation or receipt of monetary rewards). Few studies have directly examined the processes that occur immediately before making a decision between two options that have varied and unpredictable potential rewards and penalties. Understanding adolescent decision-making from this vantage point may prove critical to ameliorating risky behavior and improving developmental outcomes. In this study, participants aged 14–16 years engaged in a driving simulation game while undergoing fMRI. Results indicated activity in ventral striatum preceded risky decisions and activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) preceded safe decisions. Furthermore, participants who reported higher sensation-seeking and sensitivity to reward and punishment demonstrated lower rIFG activity during safe decisions. Finally, over successive games, rIFG activity preceding risky decisions decreased, whereas thalamus and caudate activity increased during positive feedback (taking a risk without crashing). These results indicate that regions traditionally associated with reward processing and inhibition not only drive risky decision-making in the moment but also contribute to learning about risk tradeoffs during adolescence.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document