scholarly journals Maladaptive Self-Focused Attention and Default Mode Network Connectivity: A Transdiagnostic Investigation Across Social Anxiety and Body Dysmorphic Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Fang ◽  
Bengi Baran ◽  
Clare C Beatty ◽  
Jennifer Mosley ◽  
Jamie D Feusner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ◽  
Primary Body

Abstract Maladaptive self-focused attention (SFA) is a bias toward internal thoughts, feelings, and physical states. Despite its role as a core maintaining factor of symptoms in cognitive theories of social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorders, studies have not examined its neural basis. In this study, we hypothesized that maladaptive SFA would be associated with hyperconnectivity in the default mode network (DMN) in self-focused patients with these disorders. Thirty patients with primary social anxiety disorder or primary body dysmorphic disorder, and 28 healthy individuals were eligible and scanned. Eligibility was determined by scoring greater than 1SD or below 1SD of the Public Self-Consciousness Scale normative mean, respectively, for each group. Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity was computed using a DMN posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed. There was no evidence of increased DMN functional connectivity in patients compared to controls. Patients (regardless of diagnosis) showed reduced functional connectivity of the PCC with several brain regions, including the bilateral superior parietal lobule (SPL), compared to controls, which was inversely correlated with maladaptive SFA but not associated with social anxiety, body dysmorphic, or depression severity, or rumination. Abnormal PCC-SPL connectivity may represent a transdiagnostic neural marker of SFA that reflects difficulty shifting between internal versus external attention.

scholarly journals Maladaptive Self-Focused Attention and Default Mode Network Connectivity: A Transdiagnostic Investigation Across Social Anxiety and Body Dysmorphic Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Fang ◽  
Bengi Baran ◽  
Clare Beatty ◽  
Jennifer Mosley ◽  
Jamie D Feusner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ◽  
Primary Body

Background: Maladaptive self-focused attention (SFA) is a bias toward internal thoughts, feelings, and physical states. Despite its role as a core maintaining factor of symptoms in cognitive theories of social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorders, studies have not examined its neural basis. We hypothesized that maladaptive SFA would be associated with hyperconnectivity in the default mode network (DMN) in self-focused patients with these disorders. Methods: Thirty patients and 28 healthy individuals were eligible and scanned. Eligibility was determined by scoring greater than 1SD or below 1SD of the Public Self-Consciousness Scale normative mean, respectively, for each group. Fifteen patients had primary social anxiety disorder and 15 had primary body dysmorphic disorder. Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity was computed using a DMN posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed. Results: Patients (regardless of diagnosis) showed reduced functional connectivity of the PCC with several brain regions, including the bilateral superior parietal lobule (SPL), bilateral insula, cingulate cortex, and postcentral gyrus, compared to controls. PCC-SPL connectivity was inversely correlated with maladaptive SFA in patients but was not associated with social anxiety or body dysmorphic symptom severity, depression severity, or rumination. There was no evidence of increased functional connectivity within the DMN in patients compared to controls. Conclusions: As the SPL is part of the dorsal attention network, which is typically activated during tasks requiring externally-oriented attention, abnormal PCC-SPL connectivity in patients may reflect difficulty shifting between internal versus external attention, and may represent a transdiagnostic neural marker of maladaptive SFA that could be targeted in interventions.

Altered functional connectivity in default mode network in Internet gaming disorder with childhood ADHD

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S346-S346
Author(s):  
Y.C. Jung ◽  
K. Namkoong
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Childhood Adhd ◽  
Internet Gaming

ObjectiveInternet gaming disorder (IGD) is a type of behavioral addiction characterized by abnormal executive control, leading to loss of control over excessive gaming. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common comorbid disorders in IGD, involving delayed development of the executive control system, which could predispose individuals to gaming addiction. We investigated the influence of childhood ADHD on neural network features of IGD.MethodsResting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis was performed on 44 young, male IGD subjects with and without childhood ADHD and 19 age-matched, healthy male controls. Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)-seeded connectivity was evaluated to assess abnormalities in default mode network (DMN) connectivity, which is associated with deficits in executive control.ResultsIGD subjects without childhood ADHD showed expanded functional connectivity (FC) between DMN-related regions (PCC, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus) compared with controls. These subjects also exhibited expanded FC between the PCC and brain regions implicated in salience processing (anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex) compared with IGD subjects with childhood ADHD. IGD subjects with childhood ADHD showed expanded FC between the PCC and cerebellum (crus II), a region involved in executive control. The strength of connectivity between the PCC and cerebellum (crus II) was positively correlated with self-reporting scales reflecting impulsiveness.ConclusionIndividuals with IGD showed altered PCC-based FC, the characteristics of which might be dependent upon history of childhood ADHD. Our findings suggest that altered neural networks for executive control in ADHD would be a predisposition for developing IGD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Decrease of Functional Connectivity within the Default Mode Network by a Brief Training of Focused Attention on the Breath in Novices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Trova ◽  
Yuki Tsuji ◽  
Haruka Horiuchi ◽  
Sotaro Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
State Level ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
List Type ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Meditation Group

AbstractExperienced meditators reduce the activity of the default mode network (DMN), a brain system preferentially active when people are not engaged in specific tasks. However, the neural modulation of the DMN in novices remain largely unexplored. By using electroencephalography, we investigated the DMN functional connectivity in two groups of novices: the meditation group practiced six consecutive days of focused attention on the breath; the control group practiced only on the first and last days. After the brief training, results showed a decrease in the DMN functional connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex in theta and alpha bands during the focused attention condition, in the meditation group compared to the control group. The change in DMN functional connectivity was significantly correlated with the increase in state-level mindfulness scores. These data elucidate DMN modifications already arising at the initial stages of mindfulness meditation training in novices.HighlightsAn effect of brief meditation training on brain activity in novices was examined by using EEG.A six-day training of focused attention on the breath improved state-level mindfulness scores.Brief meditation training also reduced the functional connectivity within anterior-posterior DMN.The amount of change in DMN functional connectivity was significantly correlated with the subjective score.

scholarly journals Abnormal Spontaneous Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity of the Default Mode Network in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Qijing Bo ◽  
Zhifang Zhang ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Seed Region ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Spontaneous Brain Activity

Abstract Background: No consistent evidence on the specific brain regions is available in the default mode network (DMN), which show abnormal spontaneous activity in bipolar disorder (BD). We aim to identify this region that is particularly impaired in patients with BD by using several different indices measuring spontaneous brain activity and then investigate its functional connectivity (FC).Methods: A total of 56 patients with BD and 71 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Three commonly used functional indices were used to identify the brain region showing abnormal spontaneous brain activity in BD. Then, this region served as the seed region for resting-state FC analysis to identify its functional networks altered in BD.Results: The BD group exhibited decreased fALFF, ReHo, and DC values in the left precuneus. The BD group had decreased rsFC within the DMN, indicated by decreased resting-state FC within the left precuneus and between the left precuneus and the medial prefrontal cortex. The BD group had decreased negative connectivity between the left precuneus and the left putamen, extending to the left insula.Conclusions: The findings provide convergent evidence for the abnormalities in the DMN of BD, particularly located in the left precuneus. Decreased FC within the DMN and the disruptive anticorrelation between the DMN and the salience network are found in BD. These findings suggest that the DMN is a key aspect for understanding the neural basis of BD, and the altered functional patterns of DMN may be a potential candidate biomarker of BD.

Default-Mode Activity during a Passive Sensory Task: Uncoupled from Deactivation but Impacting Activation

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1484-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Greicius ◽  
Vinod Menon
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Default Mode

Deactivation refers to increased neural activity during low-demand tasks or rest compared with high-demand tasks. Several groups have reported that a particular set of brain regions, including the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex, among others, is consistently deactivated. Taken together, these typically deactivated brain regions appear to constitute a default-mode network of brain activity that predominates in the absence of a demanding external task. Examining a passive, block-design sensory task with a standard deactivation analysis (rest epochs vs. stimulus epochs), we demonstrate that the default-mode network is undetectable in one run and only partially detectable in a second run. Using independent component analysis, however, we were able to detect the full default-mode network in both runs and to demonstrate that, in the majority of subjects, it persisted across both rest and stimulus epochs, uncoupled from the task waveform, and so mostly undetectable as deactivation. We also replicate an earlier finding that the default-mode network includes the hippocampus suggesting that episodic memory is incorporated in default-mode cognitive processing. Furthermore, we show that the more a subject's default-mode activity was correlated with the rest epochs (and “deactivated” during stimulus epochs), the greater that subject's activation to the visual and auditory stimuli. We conclude that activity in the default-mode network may persist through both experimental and rest epochs if the experiment is not sufficiently challenging. Time-series analysis of default-mode activity provides a measure of the degree to which a task engages a subject and whether it is sufficient to interrupt the processes—presumably cognitive, internally generated, and involving episodic memory—mediated by the default-mode network.

Task-positive Functional Connectivity of the Default Mode Network Transcends Task Domain

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2369-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Elton ◽  
Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Positive Functional ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Increased Activity

The default mode network (DMN) was first recognized as a set of brain regions demonstrating consistently greater activity during rest than during a multitude of tasks. Originally, this network was believed to interfere with goal-directed behavior based on its decreased activity during many such tasks. More recently, however, the role of the DMN during goal-directed behavior was established for internally oriented tasks, in which the DMN demonstrated increased activity. However, the well-documented hub position and information-bridging potential of midline DMN regions indicate that there is more to uncover regarding its functional contributions to goal-directed tasks, which may be based on its functional interactions rather than its level of activation. An investigation of task-related changes in DMN functional connectivity during a series of both internal and external tasks would provide the requisite investigation for examining the role of the DMN during goal-directed task performance. In this study, 20 participants underwent fMRI while performing six tasks spanning diverse internal and external domains in addition to a resting-state scan. We hypothesized that the DMN would demonstrate “task-positive” (i.e., positively contributing to task performance) changes in functional connectivity relative to rest regardless of the direction of task-related changes in activity. Indeed, our results demonstrate significant increases in DMN connectivity with task-promoting regions (e.g., anterior insula, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus) across all six tasks. Furthermore, canonical correlation analyses indicated that the observed task-related connectivity changes were significantly associated with individual differences in task performance. Our results indicate that the DMN may not only support a “default” mode but may play a greater role in both internal and external tasks through flexible coupling with task-relevant brain regions.

scholarly journals Aberrant Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Wan ◽  
Wen Qing Xia ◽  
Yu Lin Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Visual Network

Background: Accumulating lines of evidence demonstrated that diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients trigger abnormalities in brain’s functional connectivity (FC), whereas the alterations of interhemispheric coordination pattern occurring in DR are not well understood. Our study was to investigate alterations of interhemispheric coordination in DR patients.Methods: Thirty-four DR individuals (19 males and 15 females: mean age: 52.97 ± 8.35 years) and 37 healthy controls (HCs) (16 males and 21 females; mean age: 53.78 ± 7.24 years) were enrolled in the study. The voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method was conducted to investigate the different interhemispheric FC between two groups. Then, the seed-based FC method was applied to assess the different FCs with region of interest (ROI) in the brain regions of decreased VMHC between two groups.Results: Compared with HC groups, DR groups showed decreased VMHC values in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus (MTG), lingual/calcarine/middle occipital gyrus (LING/CAL/MOG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), angular (ANG), postcentral gyrus (PosCG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and precentral gyrus (PreCG). Meanwhile, altered FC includes the regions of auditory network, visual network, default mode network, salience network, and sensorimotor network. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between the visual acuity-oculus dexter (OD) and zVMHC values in the bilateral LING/CAL/MOG (r = 0.551, p = 0.001), STG (r = 0.426, p = 0.012), PosCG (r = 0.494, p = 0.003), and IPL (r = 0.459, p = 0.006) in DR patients.Conclusion: Our results highlighted that DR patients were associated with substantial impairment of interhemispheric coordination in auditory network, visual network, default mode network, and sensorimotor network. The VMHC might be a promising therapeutic target in the intervention of brain functional dysfunction in DR patients.

Altered intrinsic default mode network functional connectivity in patients with remitted geriatric depression and amnestic mild cognitive impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chengbin Guan ◽  
Nousayhah Amdanee ◽  
Wenxiang Liao ◽  
Chao Zhou ◽  
Xin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Geriatric Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACT Objectives: Patients with geriatric depression exhibit a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild to severe cognitive impairment which could potentially lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of the study is to assess the alterations of the default mode network (DMN) in remitted geriatric depression (RGD) patients and whether it could serve as an underlying neuropathological mechanism associated with the risk of progression of AD. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: A total of 154 participants, comprising 66 RGD subjects (which included 27 patients with comorbid amnestic mild cognitive impairment [aMCI] and 39 without aMCI [RGD]), 45 aMCI subjects without a history of depression (aMCI), and 43 matched healthy comparisons (HC), were recruited. Measurements: All participants completed neuropsychological tests and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)-seeded DMN functional connectivity (FC) along with cognitive function were compared among the four groups, and correlation analyses were conducted. Results: In contrast to HC, RGD, aMCI, and RGD-aMCI subjects showed significant impairment across all domains of cognitive functions except for attention. Furthermore, compared with HC, there was a similar and significant decrease in PCC-seed FC in the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus (M-SFG) in the RGD, aMCI, and RGD-aMCI groups. Conclusions: The aberrations in rsFC of the DMN were associated with cognitive deficits in RGD patients and might potentially reflect an underlying neuropathological mechanism for the increased risk of developing AD. Therefore, altered connectivity in the DMN could serve as a potential neural marker for the conversion of geriatric depression to AD.

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