M168. CLINICAL-ANATOMICAL PHENOTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Abstract Background Although widespread structural brain abnormalities have been consistently reported in schizophrenia, their relation to the heterogeneous clinical manifestations is not well understood. Multivariate methods are needed to uncover covariance patterns between multiple symptom dimensions and system-wide brain imaging data. Methods This cross-sectional study used structural magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological data from 133 patients with chronic schizophrenia (48 female, 34.8±13.2 years) from the Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data and Software Tool (NUSDAST). We estimate disease-related voxel-wise tissue volume loss using deformation-based morphometry (DBM) of T1 weighted images. In patients with schizophrenia, multiple clinical dimensions including positive/negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, demographic data as well as individual tissue volume loss (DBM) were included in the multivariate model. Clinical-anatomical phenotypes were identified using partial least squares analysis. Results Multivariate analysis revealed three distinct clinical-anatomical phenotypes accounting for 27.5%, 15%, and 13% of the shared covariance between clinical-behavioural data and tissue volume loss (total of 55.5%). The first clinical-anatomical phenotype encompassed cognitive impairments, severity of negative symptoms and tissue volume loss within the default mode network and visual network. The second clinical-anatomical phenotype was associated with additional cognitive impairments and tissue volume loss within the frontoparietal and ventral attention network, while the third clinical-anatomical phenotype encompassed a mixed positive and negative symptoms phenotype and tissue volume loss within the dorsal attention network. Critically, the pattern of volume loss within the first most prevalent clinical-anatomical phenotype mediated (a*b) the effect of socioeconomic status on clinical outcome (cognitive performance and negative symptoms) (a*b=-0.033(0.008); P<1.0×〖10〗^(-4); 95% CI [-0.049, -0.018]). Finally, we partly replicated the first clinical-anatomical phenotype in an independent sample of patients with schizophrenia (n=108). Discussion The heterogeneous clinical manifestation of schizophrenia can be significantly explained by three clinical-anatomical phenotypes. Despite their distributed topography, each phenotype is centered on a specific, well-defined set of intrinsic networks.

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Factors affecting the hematological and nonhematological toxicities in B-cell lymphoma patients during treatment

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e18004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e18004-e18004

Author(s):

P. Karimi ◽

A. Shokri ◽

L. Etemadi ◽

N. Negar Rezania

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Cell Lymphoma ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Bone Marrow Involvement ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Hematological Toxicity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Grade 3

e18004 Background: Despite recent improvements, toxicities in B-cell lymphoma patients during treatment remains a major challenge for leukemia community. The aim of this study was to determine factors affecting the hematological and non-hematological toxicities in B-cell lymphoma patients during treatment. Methods: This multicentral cross-sectional study was performed on 68 diagnosed B-cell lymphoma patients (17–72 y/o, mean age 53y/o) admitted in three cancer centers for treatment during 2003–2008. Patients with other malignancies, serious illness or infection were not included. Demographic data, clinical and para clinical manifestations were recorded during treatment. Results: 31 (45%) patients developed grade 2 or greater non-hematological toxicities: 11:fever, 8:chills, 6:vomiting, 4:rash, and 3:pruritus. Moreover, 7 patients developed grade 3 non-hematological toxicities. 42 (62%) patients developed grade 2 or greater hematological toxicities. Non-hematological toxicities were more frequent in patients with BM (Bone Marrow) involvement [15/32 (47%) versus 21/60 (35%), p = 0.01] and with extranodal disease [23/48 (48%) versus 11/42 (26%), p = 0.008]. The incidence of grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicity was higher in females than males [17/43 (40%) versus 13/50 (26%), p = 0.001]. Furthermore, being female was significantly associated with the development of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia [17/49 (35%) versus 8/53 (15%), p = 0.003]. In addition, high LDH was also associated with grade 3 or 4 leukopenia [7/27 (26%) versus 9/58 (16%), p = 0.01], but not with neutropenia. Conclusions: Multivariate analysis demonstrate that some factors like female gender, BM involvement, and serum LDH level could be useful for predicting the hematological and nonhematological toxicities in B-cell lymphoma patients during treatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Clinical, Epidemiological and Demographic Profile of Patients Undergoing Holter (24 h) at a Health Center in Belém do Pará: a Retrospective Study

Journal of Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽

10.24207/jca.v34i1.3419 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Fábio Benedito Filo Creão Garcia Pereira ◽

Lizandra Lujan Delpupo Trivilin ◽

Marcia Rayssa Farias Torres

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Health Center ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Cardiac Events ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Demographic Profile ◽

Electrocardiographic Changes

Introduction: Dynamic electrocardiography by the Holter system can be divided into four major groups: evaluation of clinical manifestations related to the presence of altered heart rhythm; assessment of myocardial ischemia; risk assessment of future cardiac events; and therapeutic assessment. Objective: To identify the clinical, epidemiological and demographic profile that is associated with electrocardiographic changes in the 24-hour Holter in patients seen at the Escola do Marco Health Center in Belém do Pará, Brazil. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional and retrospective study, with data from patients such as: clinical and electrocardiographic correlation, indications, tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, medications in use, provenance, demographic data and behavior modification. All of the information was compiled in a standardized protocol. Results: The main electrocardiographic findings were: supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles less than 1% (reported in 71 and 57% of patients, respectively). Conclusion: The 24-hour Holter still has an important role in the identification of patients with electrocardiographic changes. The main indications for the examination were to assess the severity of arrhythmia (32%) and palpitation to clarify (23%), and there were uncommon findings, but of great clinical importance and with statistical significance, such as almost three times more frequent nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with heart failure, cardiac, symptomatic frequent extrasystole (> 3%), more frequent atrial fibrillation in the elderly and men (60%) and with underuse of anticoagulant therapy (20%) due to non-diagnosis prior to the exam, and changes in the ST segment with a tendency in patients with systemic arterial.

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Genetic Contribution of Synapse-Associated Protein 97 to Orbitofrontal–Striatal–Thalamic Circuitry Connectivity Changes in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xusan Xu ◽

Shucun Luo ◽

Xia Wen ◽

Xiaoxia Wang ◽

Jingwen Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Clinical Performance ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

First Episode ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽

Mental Symptoms ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia

Functional and structural disturbances in the orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic circuitry are thought to be associated with mental symptoms and neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia. This study tested whether synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), a reasonable candidate gene for schizophrenia, is related to orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic connection changes in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and the clinical performance of schizophrenic patients by affecting this integrity. Fifty-two FES patients and 52 matched healthy controls were recruited. All subjects underwent genotyping via the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction technique and scanning with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic functional and structural imaging data. A two-way analysis of covariance model was employed to examine abnormal brain connectivities, and Spearman correlations were applied to estimate the relationships between brain connectivity and clinical manifestations. In the FES group, those with the SAP97 rs3915512 TT genotype showed lower structural and functional connectivity than A allele carriers between the orbitofrontal gyrus and striatum/thalamus. In the FES group, negative correlations were found between resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the orbitofrontal gyrus and thalamus, and positive symptoms between structural connections in the orbitofrontal gyrus and striatum and cognitive functions, and positive correlations were suggested between RSFC in the orbitofrontal gyrus and thalamus and negative symptoms. Our findings suggested that the SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism may be involved in mental symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in FES patients by influencing structural and functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal–striatal and orbitofrontal–thalamic regions.

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A Retrospective Study on Snakebite Victims in a Tertiary Referral Center

Iranian Jornal of Toxicology ◽

10.32598/ijt.10.4.332.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

Nasim Zamani ◽

◽

Leila Modir-Fallah Rad ◽

Kambiz Soltaninejad ◽

Shahin Shadnia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Admission ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Tertiary Referral ◽

Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tertiary Referral Center

Background: Snakebite is a serious public health problem in the world. The annual incidence of snakebites ranges from 4.5-9.1 in 100,000 population in Iran. With regard to diversity of envenomation profiles in different geographical parts of Iran, the aim of this study was to determine the demographical data, clinical and laboratory findings, and the outcome of the snakebite victims referred to a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study in Loghman Hakim Hospital Poisoning Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, during a four-year period from March 2007 to March 2011. The demographic data, clinical manifestations, paraclinical findings, treatments performed before hospital admission, time elapsed between the bite and hospital admission, total dose of antivenom and the patients’ outcomes were investigated. Results: Seventy cases (58 males, 12 females) were evaluated. Most of the cases (79%) were older than 20 year old. The most common bite site was upper extremity (67%). Most of the patients were admitted within 5 h after the snakebite. The most common local and systemic manifestations were swelling (90%), pain (81.4%), nausea and vomiting (24.3%). Leukocytosis (35.7%) and thrombocytopenia (25.7%) were the most common laboratory abnormalities. Most of the patients (97.1%) were treated with antivenom. Fifty percent of the patients only received 3-5 vials of antivenom. The mortality rate was 1.4%. Necrosis of the toes and compartment syndrome were the only serious complications. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of early admission to the hospital and treatment with antivenom to avoid morbidity and mortality.

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Increased Levels of Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediate Schizophrenia Symptom Dimensions and Neurocognitive Impairments and Are Inversely Associated with Natural IgM and Paraoxonase 1 Activity

10.20944/preprints201911.0135.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Maes ◽

Sunee Sirivichayakul ◽

Andressa Keiko Matsumoto ◽

Annabel Maes ◽

Ana Paula Michelin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Word List ◽

Psychomotor Retardation ◽

Paraoxonase 1 ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Symptom Dimensions ◽

Deficit Schizophrenia ◽

Thought Disorders ◽

Natural Igm

Accumulating evidence suggests that TNF-α-mediated immune-neurotoxicity contributes to cognitive impairments and the overall severity of schizophrenia (OSOS). There are no data whether peripheral IL-6 and IL-4 may affect the phenome of schizophrenia above and beyond the effects of TNF-α and whether those cytokines are regulated by lowered natural IgM to malondialdehyde (MDA) and paraoxonase 1 enzyme activity. We assessed the aforementioned biomarkers in schizophrenia patients with (n=40) and without (n=40) deficit schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls. Deficit schizophrenia was best predicted by a combination of increased IL-6 and PON1 status (QQ genotype and lowered CMPAase activity) and lowered IgM to MDA. Partial Least Squares bootstrapping shows that 41.0% of the variance in negative symptoms, psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, psychomotor retardation, and formal thought disorders was explained by increased TNF-α and PON1 status (QQ genotype and lowered CMPAase activity), lowered IL-4 and IgM to MDA as well as male sex and lowered education. We found that 47.9% of the variance in verbal fluency, word list memory, true recall, Mini-Mental State Examination, and executive functions was predicted by increased TNF-α and lowered IL-4, IgM to MDA and education. In addition, both TNF-α and IL-4 levels were significantly associated with lowered IgM to MDA, while TNF-α was correlated with PON1 status. These data provide evidence that the symptomatic (both the deficit subtype and OSOS) and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are to a large extent mediated by the effects of immune-mediated neurotoxicity as well as lowered regulation by the innate immune system.

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The cross-sectional study of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Xiangyang, Hubei province

10.1101/2020.02.19.20025023 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jin-Wei Ai ◽

Jun-Wen Chen ◽

Yong Wang ◽

Xiao-Yun Liu ◽

Wu-Feng Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Severe Case ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Ct Scans ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Cross Sectional

SummaryObjectiveTo describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients and to offer suggestions to the urgent needs of COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis and treatment.MethodsWe included 102 confirmed COVID-19 cases hospitalized in Xiangyang No.1 people’s hospital, Hubei, China until Feb 9th, 2020. Demographic data, laboratory findings and chest computed tomographic (CT) images were obtained and analyzed.FindingsAll cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, including 52 males and 50 females with a mean age of 50.38 years (SD 16.86). Incubation time ranged from one to twenty days with a mean period of 8.09 days (SD 4.99). Fever (86[84.3%] of 102 patients), cough (58[57%]), fatigue (28[27%]), shortness of breath (24[23%]), diarrhea (15[15%]), expectoration (13[12%]), inappetence (11[10%]) were common clinical manifestations. We observed a decreased blood leukocyte count and lymphopenia in 21 (20.6%) and 56 (54.9%) patients, respectively. There were 66 (68%) of 97 patients with elevated C-reactive protein levels and 49 (57.6%) of 85 with increased erythrocytes sedimentation rate. Higher levels of procalcitonin and ferritin were observed in 19 (25.3%) of 75 and 12 (92.3%) of 13 patients, respectively. Eight patients were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), six developed respiratory failure, three had multiple organ failure and three died. The cumulative positivity rate over three rounds of real-time RT-PCR was 96%. One-hundred patients were found with typical radiological abnormalities in two rounds of chest CT scans, indicating a 98% consistency with real-time RT-PCR results.InterpretationMost COVID-19 patients in Xiangyang were secondary cases without sex difference, and the rate of severe case and death was low. Middle-to-old-age individuals were more susceptible to the virus infection and the subsequent development of severe/fatal consequences. The average incubation period was longer among our patients. We recommend prolonging the quarantine period to three weeks. Three times real-time RT-PCR plus two times CT scans is a practical clinical diagnosis strategy at present and should be used to increase the accuracy of diagnosis, thereby controlling the source of infection more effectively.

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Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide and other serological indicators in vestibular migraine patients

Frigid Zone Medicine ◽

10.2478/fzm-2021-0014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

Xinyi Liu ◽

Yonghui Pan ◽

Jingjing Wang ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Junli Zhang

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽

Vestibular Migraine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Related Peptide ◽

Calcitonin Gene

Abstract Objective It aims to evaluate the diagnostic ability of CGRP and other blood indicators in vestibular migraine (VM) patients, and to explain the potential pathological effects of these biomarkers. The hypothesis of VM being a variant of migraine was examined. Methods A total of 32 VM patients, 35 migraine patients, and 30 healthy control subjects (HC) were selected for this cross-sectional study. Detailed statistics on demographic data, clinical manifestations, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and common clinical laboratory indicators were measured within 24 hours from the onset of the conditions. Receptor operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were analyzed for biomarkers. The risk factors of VM and migraine were determined through univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Compared with HC, serum CGRP levels (p (VM) = 0.012, p (Migraine) = 0.028) increased and Mg2+ levels (p (VM) < 0.001, p (Migraine) < 0.001) deceased in VM patients and migraine patients. In multiple logistic regression, VM was correlated with CGRP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.12; P = 0.01] and Mg2+ [odds ratio (OR) = 0.03; 95% CI, 0.07–0.15; P < 0.001)]. Migraine was correlated with CGRP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02–1.12; P = 0.01] and Mg2+ [odd ratio (OR = 0.01; 95% CI, 0–0.02; P <0.001)]. Mg2+ discriminated good differentiation between VM and migraine groups, with AUC of 0.649 (95% CI, 0.518 to 0.780). The optimal threshold for Mg2+ to diagnose VM was 0.805. Conclusions This study demonstrated that CGRP and Mg2+ may be promising laboratory indicators to discriminate HC from VM/migraine, while Mg2+ may be uded as a discriminator between VM and migraine.

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Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171000187x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1301-1310 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

C. D. Schubart ◽

W. A. van Gastel ◽

E. J. Breetvelt ◽

S. L. Beetz ◽

R. A. Ophoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Adult Population ◽

Population Sample ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Psychotic Experiences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Symptom Dimensions ◽

The Impact

BackgroundCannabis use is associated with psychosis and a range of subclinical psychiatric symptoms. The strength of this association depends on dosage and age at first use. The current study investigates whether level of cannabis exposure and starting age are associated with specific profiles of subclinical symptoms.MethodWe collected cross-sectional data from a young adult population sample by administering an online version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Cannabis exposure was quantified as the amount of Euros spent on cannabis per week and the age of initial cannabis use. The primary outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) to belong to the highest 10% of scores on the total CAPE and the positive-, negative- and depressive symptom dimensions.ResultsIn 17 698 adolescents (mean age 21.6, s.d.=4.2 years), cannabis use at age 12 years or younger was strongly associated with a top 10% score on psychotic experiences [OR 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–4.3] and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5). The OR of heavy users (>€25/week) for negative symptoms was 3.4 (95% CI 2.9–4.1), for psychotic experiences 3.0 (95% CI 2.4–3.6), and for depressive symptoms 2.8 (95% CI 2.3–3.3).ConclusionsEarly start of cannabis use is strongly associated with subclinical psychotic symptoms and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms, while smoking high amounts of cannabis is associated with increased levels of all three symptom dimensions: psychotic, negative and depressive. These results support the hypothesis that the impact of cannabis use is age specific.

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A study of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in an inpatient video-electroencephalography monitoring service in Tabriz, Northwest of Iran

Current Journal of Neurology ◽

10.18502/cjn.v19i3.5423 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mazyar Hashemilar ◽

Saeid Charsouei ◽

Darioush Savadi-Oskouei ◽

Elyar Sadeghi-Hokmabadi ◽

Mohammad Farzipour

Keyword(s):

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epileptiform Discharges ◽

Drug History ◽

Antiepileptic Drug Treatment ◽

Monitoring Service

Background: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are manifested as paroxysmal alterations in motor, sensory, autonomic, and/or cognitive and behavioral signs and symptoms, without associated ictal epileptiform discharges. A misdiagnosis of PNES as epilepsy results in a prolonged and unnecessary (antiepileptic) drug treatment and social and psychological stigma of epilepsy in these patients. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and associated factors of PNES in hospitalized patients in the video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (VEM) service of Razi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 55 patients with a final diagnosis of PNES were selected from the patients referred to the VEM unit of Razi Hospital for the evaluation of epilepsy. The study was performed from May 2017 to June 2019. Patient information included demographic data and medical history (drug history, comorbidities, trauma, and family history). The clinical manifestations (semiology and duration of attacks) and EEG findings, as recorded by VEM during hospitalization, were collected. Results: 55 patients with PNES were studied with VEM, 27 (49.1%) of which were men, and 28 (50.9%) were women. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of age of the patients was 34.16 ± 12.64 years. No significant differences were observed in the semiology of PNES between men and women. Depression was the most common psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of PNES in the present study were similar to those in most previous studies from other countries. The culture and sex of the patients did not seem to be a contributing factor in PNES semiology.

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Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Thyroid Disease in a Peritoneal Dialysis Population

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.3747/pdi.2010.00202 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 86-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Yee Yung Ng ◽

Shiao Chi Wu ◽

Hong Da Lin ◽

Fen Hsiang Hu ◽

Chun Cheng Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dialysis Duration ◽

Total Thyroxine

AimsWe investigated dialysis duration, dose of erythropoietin (EPO), and clinical manifestations in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, performed in 3 centers, assessed 122 adult patients on PD for more than 6 months with regard to demographic data, dialysis duration, thyroid function, biochemical data, EPO dose, and clinical manifestations. Thyroid dysfunction was determined by serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, and auto-antibodies against thyroglobulin.ResultsOf the 122 study patients, 98 (80.3%) were assessed as having euthyroidism; 19 (15.6%), subclinical hypothyroidism; and 5 (4.1%), subclinical hyperthyroidism. The proportion of women (74.2% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.038), the mean duration of PD (58.1 months vs. 37.9 months, p = 0.032), and the weighted mean monthly EPO dose (1.22 μg/kg vs. 1.64 μg/kg, p = 0.009) were significantly higher in the subclinical hypothyroidism group than in the euthyroidism group, but the prevalences of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease were not. From the multivariate model, PD duration was more significant than sex as a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism ( p = 0.0132).ConclusionsSubclinical hypothyroidism is frequent in PD patients, especially female patients and patients with a longer PD duration. Compared with euthyroid patients, patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism need a higher dose of EPO to maintain a stable hemoglobin level.

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