scholarly journals The role of reputation systems in digital discrimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Kas ◽  
Rense Corten ◽  
Arnout van de Rijt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Reputation System ◽  
Reputation Systems ◽  
Online Markets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data

Abstract Reputation systems are commonplace in online markets, such as on peer-to-peer sharing platforms. These systems have been argued to be a solution to (ethnic) discrimination on such platforms. This argument is based on empirical studies showing that ethnic disadvantages are smaller for users with ratings than for users without ratings. We argue that this conclusion may be premature, because minorities have a harder time accumulating ratings. The greater benefit of ratings to minorities may be offset by their troubles acquiring any, thereby diminishing the potential for reputation systems to reduce discrimination. We tested this counterargument using a unique data set that contains information on all interactions on a peer-to-peer motorcycle rental platform. We find that the reputation system does not reduce initial inequalities between otherwise comparable renters of different ethnicity. Platforms that wish to reduce discrimination should not only make their reputation system more effective, but also help users collect ratings.

scholarly journals The role of reputation systems in digital discrimination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Kas ◽  
Rense Corten ◽  
Arnout van de Rijt
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Reputation System ◽  
Reputation Systems ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Unique Dataset

Reputation systems are often proposed as the most promising solution to (ethnic) discrimination in onlinemarkets. This claim is based on earlier studies showing that the ethnic gap is smaller for users with reviews than forusers without reviews. Using simulations, we show that this conclusion may be premature, as reviews can only bewritten after completed interactions. Hence, initial differences between users in the probability to be selected as transaction partner may accumulate over time, thereby diminishing the potential of reputation systems to decreasediscrimination. We use a unique dataset that contains information on all interactions that ever took place on a peerto-peer motorcycle rental platform to test this hypothesis. We find that per filed request, renters with an ethnic minority background receive fewer reviews than renters with an ethnic majority background with otherwise similar characteristics. Moreover, with time the reputation system does not reduce the initial inequalities between otherwise comparable renters of different ethnicity.

Scientific Team Effectiveness and the External CEO

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne van der Steen ◽  
Paula Danskin Englis ◽  
Basil G. Englis
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Team Effectiveness ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
Scientific Team

This paper presents an empirical exploration of the effectiveness of scientific teams and the role of an external CEO in the spin-off formation process. The paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the role of the experienced or ‘external’ entrepreneur (their commercial resources and capabilities) in the early phase of spin-off formation and offering an attempt to understand the interaction between scientific team effectiveness and the external CEO. The data are drawn from the BioPartner First Stage Grant, a seed fund initiated in the Netherlands that aims to stimulate university spin-offs in biotechnology. This unique data set covers 68 biotechnology spin-off projects and the results show that an external CEO positively influences the spin-off creation and leverages the effect of the spin-off's scientific quality.

scholarly journals The Measurement of Cross-cutting Cleavages and Other Multidimensional Cleavage Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Sawat Selway
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
Growth Regressions ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
University Consortium

Many studies in economics and political science include the concept of ethnic diversity as a key independent variable in empirical studies. To date, however, only single-dimensional measures of ethnic diversity, such as ethnic fractionalization, have been available. In this paper, I define and measure three multidimensional characteristics of social structure—cross-cuttingness, cross-fractionalization, and subgroup fractionalization—and present a new cross-national data set comprised of indices along combinations of five cleavages: race, language, religion, region, and income. After addressing important definitional and measurement issues, I discuss the data and show how their inclusion in economic growth regressions reopens the theoretical debate regarding the influence of ethnic diversity, indicating the potential for these new indices to shed light on the role of ethnic diversity (and social structure more generally) with regards to a number of phenomena of concern to political scientists. The data set is publicly available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research data archives and the Institute for Quantitative Social Science Dataverse Network.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Social Interaction between Novice Older Adults When Learning Gesture-based Skills Through Simple Digital Games

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Vincent Springett ◽  
Martin Mihajlov ◽  
Ezeni Brzovska ◽  
Mihaela Orozel ◽  
Vesna Elsner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Peer Interaction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Interactive Technologies ◽  
Cooperative Action ◽  
Minimalist Approach ◽  
Verbal Encouragement

Abstract This paper reports three exploratory empirical studies with older adults that had little or no prior experience with interactive technologies. The participants were introduced to interactive technology by playing games on touchscreens, playing in pairs with the assistance of a mentor. We focus on two principle aspects, the peer-to-peer interaction during these sessions, and the role of the mentor in progressing the sessions. In the case of peer-to-peer interaction we looked for ways in which players supported each other during interaction to assess the role of peer interaction in this context. In the case of mentoring, we examined the efficacy of a minimalist approach where verbal encouragement, suggestions or (in the last resort) intervention are used to provide support to learners. The sessions showed that learners typically could play and learn basic manipulations independently after initial help and guidance from mentors. We also found that peer interaction, both in verbal and non-verbal communication and cooperative action was broadly a positive influence within sessions, suggesting that there is significant value in building confidence as well as in learning.

The Dynamic Interplay between Recorded Music and Live Concerts: The Role of Piracy, Unbundling, and Artist Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Papies ◽  
Harald J. van Heerde
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Recorded Music ◽  
Music Market ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The business model for musicians relies on selling recorded music and selling concert tickets. Traditionally, demand for one format (e.g., concerts) would stimulate demand for the other format (e.g., recorded music) and vice versa, leading to an upward demand spiral. However, the market for recorded music is under pressure due to piracy and the unbundling of albums, which also entail threats for the traditional demand spiral. Despite the fundamental importance of recorded music and live concerts for the multibillion-dollar music industry, no prior research has studied their dynamic interplay. This study fills this void by developing new theory on how piracy, unbundling, artist fame, and music quality affect dynamic cross-format elasticities between record demand and concert demand. The theory is tested with a unique data set covering weekly concert and recorded music revenues for close to 400 artists across more than six years in the world's third-largest music market, Germany. The cross-format elasticity of record on concert revenue is much stronger than the reverse elasticity of concert on record revenue. The results show the key role of piracy, unbundling, and artist characteristics on these cross-format elasticities, which have implications for the business model of the music industry.

scholarly journals A Research Note on Income Pooling in Partnerships: Incorporating Nonresident Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (18) ◽  
pp. 2922-2943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey J. Eickmeyer ◽  
Karen Benjamin Guzzo ◽  
Wendy D. Manning ◽  
Susan L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prior Work ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Income Pooling ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Married Individuals

Income pooling is a common behavior among couples. However, cohabiting and married individuals in more complex families, namely those with stepchildren, are less likely to pool incomes. Similarly, income pooling might be unlikely when there are nonresident children, who could potentially draw resources outside the household, yet prior work has largely overlooked the role of nonresident children. We take advantage of a unique data set, the Family and Relationships Study, which allows us to not only identify shared and unshared children (i.e., stepchildren) within the household but also unshared children outside the household. Focusing on cohabiting and married individuals ( N = 4,408), we find that those with resident unshared children are less likely to pool incomes but that nonresident children are unrelated to income pooling. The results confirm that household-level complexity is a key factor in couples’ economic decision making.

The Role of Personality and Tastes in Determining Occupational Structure

ILR Review ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall K. Filer
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Specific Finding ◽  
Explicit Measures

Using a unique data set containing explicit measures of both personality and tastes, this study applies logit techniques to predict which of five broadly defined occupational groups an individual will enter. The addition of personality and taste factors to a conventional set of variables—gender, race, education, experience, and father's socioeconomic status—significantly increases the predictive accuracy of estimating equations. Also, the results are generally consistent with a well-functioning labor market that sorts workers into jobs satisfying their individual preferences. A specific finding is that gender differences in occupational structure are strongly linked to differences between men's and women's personalities and tastes.

scholarly journals The effect of downsizing on innovation outputs: The role of resource slack and constraints

2020 ◽  
pp. 031289622097060
Author(s):  
Boumediene Ramdani ◽  
Cherif Guermat ◽  
Kamel Mellahi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Organisational Innovation ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Resource Slack ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Moderating Role

Although the practice of downsizing is prevalent, its effects on organisational outcomes remain poorly understood. This article examines how and when downsizing affects organisational innovation. Using a unique data set of UK firms over a period of 22 years, we test the effect of downsizing on innovation outputs by considering the moderating role of resource slack and constraints. We argue and empirically demonstrate that downsizing has a dual effect on innovation, contingent on the firm’s level of resources. Our results reveal that downsizing affects innovation outputs positively in firms experiencing resource slack and negatively in firms experiencing resource constraints. We also show that the effect is more immediate in resource-constrained firms. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed. JEL Classification: J63, L25, M51, O32

scholarly journals Anger, Anxiety and Corruption Perceptions: Evidence from France

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Birch ◽  
Nicholas J Allen ◽  
Katja Sarmiento-Mirwaldt
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Political Judgement ◽  
People’S Perceptions

This article assesses the roles of anxiety and anger in shaping people’s perceptions of politicians’ integrity. Drawing on recent work on the role of affect in shaping political judgement, the article develops a theoretical model of the anticipated role of anger and anxiety in structuring reactions to allegations of political misconduct. The model is tested on a unique data set that includes results of an experiment fielded as part of a survey carried out in January 2013 among a representative sample of the French adult population. The analysis finds that those in whom politically dubious actions generate anxiety are more sensitive to contextual details than other respondents, although the role of anger in modulating ethical judgements is less clear-cut, dampening attention to information about negatively assessed behaviour but enhancing attention to information about behaviour that is assessed more positively.

An Index For Venture Capital, 1987-2003

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Hwang ◽  
John M. Quigley ◽  
Susan E. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Valuation Model ◽  
Asset Classes

Abstract In this paper we build an index of value for venture capital. Our approach overcomes the problems of intermittent, infrequent pricing of private company deals by using a repeat valuation model to build the index, and it corrects for selection bias in the reporting of values. We use a unique data set from Sand Hill Econometrics which reports 50,734 funding events, which include the contemporaneous valuations of 9,092 private equity firms disclosed 19,208 times over almost 17 years. The resulting index measures the return and risk for venture capital. Its covariance with other asset classes from 1987 through 2003 enables us to explore the role of venture capital in diversified portfolios during a period of increased importance of venture capital in the economy.

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