scholarly journals 0331 Neurological Impact on the Reward Processing of Food Images Imposed by Mild Sleep Restriction in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A126-A126
Author(s):  
M Alsameen ◽  
M W DiFrancesco ◽  
M St-Onge ◽  
D W Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Food Images ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Previous studies indicate that lack of sleep might increase risk for unhealthy eating and obesity. This is particularly important during adolescence, when most youth sleep less than the recommended 8-10 hours/night and dietary habits are developed that extend into adulthood. This study investigated the relationship between multi-night sleep restriction and the appeal of food, including neuroimaging to examine the impact on brain responses to food-related stimuli. Methods Healthy 14-17 year-old adolescents (n=39) completed an experimental sleep manipulation across consecutive five-night periods to compare nightly sleep of approximately 9 hours (healthy sleep duration) vs. about 6.3 hours (mild sleep restriction). At the end of each week, participants underwent functional MRI while performing a visual food appeal task. The task included 42 photos in each of four food categories (sweets, snacks, fast-food, meat/fruit/vegetable) and one non-food category. Photos were presented every 3 seconds in blocks of 7 within each category; 6 interleaved blocks per category. Teens rated the appeal of each block of photos. General linear modeling explained regional brain response according to categorical presentation time-courses. Results The pattern of brain responses to the different food types was similar across the two sleep conditions. However, the sleep manipulation led to significant regional effects when contrasting the totality of food vs non-food images. Specifically, when compared to non-food, food images overall resulted in greater activation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) during sleep restriction. Both regions have been previously shown to be involved in processing reward-related information. Conclusion Our findings suggest neuronal responses in reward circuitry for teens viewing food images are influenced by sleep duration. Sleep restriction may affect reward processing of food in teens by increasing brain activation in VTA/SN network components that underlie dopamine-mediated motivational drive. Support Supported by NIH R01HL120879

scholarly journals Humans with obesity have disordered brain responses to food images during physiological hyperglycemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (5) ◽  
pp. E522-E529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Belfort-DeAguiar ◽  
Dongju Seo ◽  
Cheryl Lacadie ◽  
Sarita Naik ◽  
Christian Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Food Images

Blood glucose levels influence brain regulation of food intake. This study assessed the effect of mild physiological hyperglycemia on brain response to food cues in individuals with obesity (OB) versus normal weight individuals (NW). Brain responses in 10 OB and 10 NW nondiabetic healthy adults [body mass index: 34 (3) vs. 23 (2) kg/m2, means (SD), P < 0.0001] were measured with functional MRI (blood oxygen level-dependent contrast) in combination with a two-step normoglycemic-hyperglycemic clamp. Participants were shown food and nonfood images during normoglycemia (~95 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (~130 mg/dl). Plasma glucose levels were comparable in both groups during the two-step clamp ( P = not significant). Insulin and leptin levels were higher in the OB group compared with NW, whereas ghrelin levels were lower (all P < 0.05). During hyperglycemia, insula activity showed a group-by-glucose level effect. When compared with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia resulted in decreased activity in the hypothalamus and putamen in response to food images ( P < 0.001) in the NW group, whereas the OB group exhibited increased activity in insula, putamen, and anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (aPFC/dlPFC; P < 0.001). These data suggest that OB, compared with NW, appears to have disruption of brain responses to food cues during hyperglycemia, with reduced insula response in NW but increased insula response in OB, an area involved in food perception and interoception. In a post hoc analysis, brain activity in obesity appears to be associated with dysregulated motivation (striatum) and inappropriate self-control (aPFC/dlPFC) to food cues during hyperglycemia. Hyperstimulation for food and insensitivity to internal homeostatic signals may favor food consumption to possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity.

scholarly journals Determinants of takeaway and fast food consumption: a narrative review

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley G. Janssen ◽  
Ian G. Davies ◽  
Lucinda D. Richardson ◽  
Leonard Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Home Food ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOut-of-home foods (takeaway, take-out and fast foods) have become increasingly popular in recent decades and are thought to be a key driver in increasing levels of overweight and obesity due to their unfavourable nutritional content. Individual food choices and eating behaviours are influenced by many interrelated factors which affect the results of nutrition-related public health interventions. While the majority of research based on out-of-home foods comes from Australia, the UK and USA, the same issues (poor dietary habits and increased prevalence of non-communicable disease) are of equal concern for urban centres in developing economies undergoing ‘nutrition transition’ at a global scale. The present narrative review documents key facets, which may influence out-of-home food consumption, drawn from biological, societal, environmental, demographic and psychological spheres. Literature searches were performed and references from relevant papers were used to find supplementary studies. Findings suggest that the strongest determinants of out-of-home food availability are density of food outlets and deprivation within the built environment; however, the association between socio-economic status and out-of-home food consumption has been challenged. In addition, the biological and psychological drives combined with a culture where overweight and obesity are becoming the norm makes it ‘fashionable’ to consume out-of-home food. Other factors, including age group, ethnicity and gender demonstrate contrasting effects and a lack of consensus. It is concluded that further consideration of the determinants of out-of-home food consumption within specific populations is crucial to inform the development of targeted interventions to reduce the impact of out-of-home foods on public health.

Computation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chafi ◽  
G. Karami ◽  
M. Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

In this paper, an integrated numerical approach is introduced to determine the human brain responses when the head is exposed to blast explosions. The procedure is based on a 3D non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, and blast-brain interaction of the confronting human head. Due to the fact that there is no reported experimental data on blast-head interactions, several important checkpoints should be made before trusting the brain responses resulting from the blast modeling. These checkpoints include; a) a validated human head FEM subjected to impact loading; b) a validated air-free blast propagation model; and c) the verified blast waves-solid interactions. The simulations presented in this paper satisfy the above-mentioned requirements and checkpoints. The head model employed here has been validated again impact loadings. In this respect, Chafi et al. [1] have examined the head model against the brain intracranial pressure, and brain’s strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [2]. In another report, Chafi et al. [3] has examined the air-blast and blast-object simulations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) multi-material and Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) formulations. The predicted results of blast propagation matched very well with those of experimental data proving that this computational solid-fluid algorithm is able to accurately predict the blast wave propagation in the medium and the response of the structure to blast loading. Various aspects of blast wave propagations in air as well as when barriers such as solid walls are encountered have been studied. With the head model included, different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80cm (2.62 feet) from the explosion core. The impact of brain response due to severity of the blast under different amounts of the explosive material, TNT (0.0838, 0.205, and 0.5lb) is examined. The accuracy of the modeling can provide the information to design protection facilities for human head for the hostile environments.

The Effect of Brand on EEG Modulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Lucchiari ◽  
Gabriella Pravettoni
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Brand Attachment ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Brand Evaluation ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Impact

Consumers often develop close relationships with their preferred brands and goods. To achieve marketing goals, companies need to develop in customers a positive brand attachment. When they succeed, the brand is immediately recognized, it elicits specific responses, and it becomes more difficult to be replaced by competitors. Previous studies have suggested the existence of a relationship between brand evaluation and a reward-related functional circuit. The present study measured brain responses to different brands of mineral water. In particular, we were interested in analyzing the impact of brand attachment on brain modulation. We hypothesized that brand evaluation would be associated with reward processing, and that brain oscillatory activity would be modulated by different expectations based on previous experience. Time-frequency analyses of EEG oscillatory activity were performed on 26 healthy subjects (13 males and 13 females) during water intake of differently labeled glasses of mineral water. Our results confirmed that brand processing is related to activity of the frontocentral reward-related network. Beta activity seems to be modulated by the experience of pleasure associated with a favorite brand, while theta modulation seems to reflect the lack of this experience. In conclusion, our study showed how exposure to a brand can affect EEG modulation. Additionally, we confirmed a possible relationship between brand evaluation and reward processing.

Abstract MP19: Impact of Change in Bedtime Variability on Body Composition: Secondary Findings From the Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pierre St-Onge ◽  
Ayanna Campbell ◽  
Faris M Zuraikat ◽  
Bin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
The Impact

Variability in daily sleep duration and unstable bedtimes are emerging sleep-related factors that have been linked to metabolic syndrome. For example, in longitudinal studies, the odds of developing metabolic syndrome over 6.3 y median follow-up are 1.36 for every 1 h increase in sleep onset variability (standard deviation of bedtimes measured over 7 nights of actigraphy) in fully adjusted models. However, whether reducing bedtime variability improves markers of disease risk has not been tested. Here, we assessed whether body composition was impacted by changes in bedtime variability over a 6-wk period during which women were instructed to maintain healthy, habitual sleep patterns. This was a single arm of a randomized trial originally designed to test the impact of sleep restriction on cardiometabolic risk factors. Women, aged 20 y and older and with body mass index 20-33 kg/m 2 were recruited. All women were required to have adequate sleep duration of 7-9 h/night, determined over 2 wk using wrist-worn actigraphy. Upon randomization, women were given bed and wake time prescriptions aligned with their average screening bed and wake times in order to ensure maintenance of adequate sleep duration over the 6 wk study phase. The alternate phase required women to delay their bedtimes to achieve sleep restriction. Only data from the adequate sleep phase were used for the present analyses. Bedtime variability and body composition data were available for 37 women (age 34.9±12.4 y, BMI 24.7±2.9 kg/m 2 , screening sleep duration 7.58±0.49 h/night). Body composition was measured at baseline (0 wk) and endpoint (6 wk) using magnetic resonance imaging. Bedtime and sleep data were collected weekly using wrist actigraphy. Change in bedtime variability was calculated as the difference in the standard deviation of bedtimes measured during the 2-wk screening period and the 6-wk study phase. Sleep duration did not differ between screening and the average of 6 wk of the sleep phase (-4.8±24.7min, P=0.24). Average percent change in bedtime SD was 24.4±25.2% in those who increased their bedtime variability and -39.9±23.5% in those who reduced their bedtime variability. Results showed that, compared to women who increased or did not change (n=8) bedtime variability, women who reduced their bedtime variability (n=29) during the intervention had significant reductions in total (reduced: -0.52±0.98 vs increase/no change: 0.63±0.41 L, P<0.001) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (reduced: -0.48±0.86 vs increase/no change: 0.56±0.31 L, P<0.001). Thus, results provide novel preliminary information showing that reducing bedtime variability can improve body composition over time. Given that bedtimes are highly individualized, this may provide an easy public health message to maintain healthy sleep hygiene, particularly stable bedtime routine, to achieve better weight management and reduced CVD risk.

Abstract P210: Sleep Duration and Eating Behavior in Young Adults: Project EAT

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel P Ogilvie ◽  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Rachel Widome ◽  
Melissa N Laska ◽  
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Background: Short sleep duration appears to put adults at risk for excess energy intake and obesity; less is known specifically about how sleep quantity relates to eating patterns. Objectives: We tested the association between sleep duration and eating among young adults, a group especially vulnerable to suboptimal sleep. Methods: We used data from Project EAT-III, a cross-sectional study of 1,854 racially/ethnically diverse young adults aged 20-30 from the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. The EAT survey assessed: average sleep duration (calculated via weekday and weekend bedtimes and wake times), breakfast skipping, fast food, energy drink, and sport drink consumption. A food frequency questionnaire queried intake of sugar-sweetened, sugar-free, and caffeinated beverages. Linear and logistic regression, adjusted for demographic and behavioral covariates, were used to model the relationship between sleep duration and dietary outcomes. In logistic models, post-estimation commands were used to calculate risk ratios. Results: In linear models, participants who slept &lt; 7 hours per night (11.5%) consumed significantly more caffeinated beverages relative to those who slept 7-8 hours per night (Table). In logistic models, those who slept 8-9 hours a night (26.6%) and &gt; 9 hours per night (25.8%) reported a lower risk (0.85 (95% CI 0.70-0.99) and 0.80 (95% 0.63-0.98), respectively) of sports drink consumption, compared to those who slept 7-8 hours a night. Intake of sugar sweetened beverages, sugar-free beverages, energy drinks, breakfast, and fast food did not differ significantly by sleep duration. Conclusions: Sleep duration was related to some eating behaviors associated with energy imbalance, but not all. The impact of sleep insufficiency during young adulthood, a pivotal period in the life course, may set lifelong trajectories that may increase cardiovascular risk. Sleep may be an important target to include in interventions and policies aimed at cardiometabolic risk management.

Brain-based individual differences in online L2 grammatical comprehension

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARREN TANNER ◽  
KAYO INOUE ◽  
LEE OSTERHOUT
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
English Subject

Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the impact of a range of individual difference measures related to L2 learning on proficient L1 Spanish – L2 English bilinguals’ brain responses during L2 morphosyntactic processing. Although grand mean ERP analyses revealed a biphasic N400–P600 response to English subject–verb agreement violations, subsequent analyses showed that participants’ brain responses varied along a continuum between N400- and P600-dominance. To investigate this pattern, we introduce two novel ERP measures that independently quantify relative brain response type and overall magnitude. Multivariate analyses revealed that larger overall brain responses were associated with higher L2 proficiency, while relative brain response type (N400 or P600) was predicted by a coalition of variables, most notably learners’ motivation and age of arrival in an L2 environment. Our findings show that aspects of a learner's background can differentially impact a learner's overall sensitivity to L2 morphosyntax and qualitative use of linguistic cues during processing.

scholarly journals Is There an Impact of Social Factors and Food on Early Childhood Caries? A Cross-Sectional Study

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402199741
Author(s):  
Hülya Yardimci ◽  
Nazlı Nur Aslan Çin ◽  
Ayşe Özfer Özçelik
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Index Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dmft Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Childhood Caries

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary habits on early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children. We recruited 153 children between 30 and 71 months of age who applied to a state hospital dental clinic in Ankara, Turkey. The decayed-missing-filled teeth (dmft) index was calculated with a questionnaire that investigated the number of decayed, missing, and/or filled milk teeth. Participants formed three separate groups according to their caries history (Group 1: caries-free children, Group 2: children with ECC, Group 3: children with severe ECC [S-ECC]). The mean dmft score was 4.0 ± 3.9, and 20.2% of children were in caries-free group ( n = 31), 45.8% were in ECC group ( n = 70), and 34.0% were in S-ECC group ( n = 52). The carbonated beverage consumption and the dmft index score was directly proportional ( p < .05). Besides, there was a significant correlation between anti-cariogenic foods such as milk and eggs and dmft index score ( p < .05). S-ECC was associated with higher consumption of French fries (β = .052; 95% Cl −0.141, 1.827) and lower consumption of egg (β = −0.052; 95% Cl −0.103, 0.001). Consequently, the fast-food-style Western diet was closely related to tooth decay, and healthy dietary habits such as the Mediterranean-style diet may provide crucial protection against dental caries in preschool children.

Effects of Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 on Sleep Duration and Quality in Algerians

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-193
Author(s):  
Kacem Abdelhadi ◽  
Houar Abdelatif ◽  
Zerf Mohamed ◽  
Bengoua Ali
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Sleep Timing ◽  
Algerian Population ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis study tests the impact of COVID-19 on sleep of Algerian population before and during the COVID-19 quarantine by an estimated online survey, adapted from the PSQI Italian version. Including 1210 participants (age between 18-60 years old). The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0 software. Our results showed a significant change in sleeping quality during quarantine, the sleep timing markedly changed, we also noticed additional use of sleeping medications. Algerian scientists recommend to build public awareness and to provide necessary information regarding Algerian sleep quality, especially for Algerian adults.

Relationship between Eating Patterns and Body Composition among Young Females in Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Elsayed ◽  
Aram Alhammadi ◽  
Alanood Alahmad ◽  
Zahra Babiker ◽  
Abdelhamid Kerkadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Significant Difference

The prevalence of obesity has been increased in Qatar, with the transition from healthy to unhealthy dietary habits. Behavioral factors that are associated with obesity are, long-term imbalanced energy intake, high screen time, skipping breakfast and physical inactivity. Changes in body composition and percent body fat (PBF) increase the risk of non-communicable disease. This study is the first study conducted in Qatar to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and body composition among young females at Qatar University. This cross-sectional study consisted of 766 healthy female students Qatari and non-Qatari aged from 18-26 years randomly selected from different colleges at Qatar University. A validate questionnaire was used in order to collect data about healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Anthropometric measurements involved body weight, height, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and body composition using “Seca285”, “Seca203” and “InbodyBiospace 720”. Dietary patterns were identified by using factor loading. Linear regression was used to estimate confidence intervals and regression coefficient. More than half of the participants had a normal weight (65.1%), whereas 22.8 % and 12.0% were overweight and obese, respectively. Fat mass, BMI and PBF were slightly increased with age, but there was no significant difference. Factor analysis identified two dietary patterns: unhealthy patterns and healthy patterns. The frequent intake of vegetables and fruits was significant among high PBF female students (p=0.045 and p=0.001, respectively). The frequent intake of fast food was higher for overweight female students but there was no significant difference (p=0.289), whereas, the frequent intake of sweetened beverages was associated with higher significant rate of normal weight among female students (p = 0.009). No significant relation was found between dietary patterns, BMI and PBF. In conclusion, body composition is not significantly associated with healthy and unhealthy eating patterns among young females.

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