scholarly journals The Usual, Racialized, Suspects: The Consequence of Police Contacts with Black and White Youth on Adult Arrest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne McGlynn-Wright ◽  
Robert D Crutchfield ◽  
Martie L Skinner ◽  
Kevin P Haggerty
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
Public School District ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
Police Harassment ◽  
Police Contacts ◽  
Longitudinal Survey Data ◽  
Police Encounters

Abstract Research on race and policing indicates that Black Americans experience a greater frequency of police contacts, discretionary stops, and police harassment when stops occur. Yet, studies examining the long-term consequences of police contact with young people have not examined whether criminal justice consequences of police contact differ by race. We address this issue by examining whether police encounters with children and adolescents predict arrest in young adulthood and if these effects are the same for Black and White individuals. The paper uses longitudinal survey data from 331 Black and White respondents enrolled in the Seattle Public School District as eighth graders in 2001 and 2002. Our findings indicate that police encounters in childhood increase the risk of arrest in young adulthood for Black but not White respondents. Black respondents who experience contact with the police by the eighth grade have eleven times greater odds of being arrested when they are 20 years old than their White counterparts.

Racial differences in long-term outcomes among black and white patients with drug-eluting stents

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Lonnie T. Sullivan ◽  
Hillary Mulder ◽  
Karen Chiswell ◽  
Linda K. Shaw ◽  
Tracy Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Drug Eluting Stents ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Drug Eluting ◽  
White Patients

scholarly journals Racial disparities in discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy following illicit drug use among black and white patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie R. Gaither ◽  
Kirsha Gordon ◽  
Stephen Crystal ◽  
E. Jennifer Edelman ◽  
Robert D. Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Opioid Therapy ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Patients

scholarly journals More Than a Passive Interest

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-443
Author(s):  
NIALL PALMER
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Presidential Leadership ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Voters

The defeat of the Dyer anti-lynching bill in 1922 was a turning point in relations between black Americans and the Republican Party. Little is understood, however, about the role played in the debates by President Warren Harding. This article contends that Harding's conflicted views on presidential leadership caused him to badly mishandle the bill. The President's inability to choose between a restrained and consensual “Whig” approach and a more active “stewardship” role on a wide range of issues resulted in an erratic and ultimately unsustainable style of leadership. The Dyer bill's failure was affected by this dilemma as the hopes of black and white reformers were alternately raised and dashed by Harding's apparent indecisiveness. Black resentment at the bill's ultimate defeat was thus heightened still further, with severe consequences for the Republican Party's long-term electoral relationship with black voters.

Youth‒Police Contact: Burdens and Inequities in an Adverse Childhood Experience, 2014‒2017

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e9
Author(s):  
Amanda Geller
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experience ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Police Encounters ◽  
The Life Course

Objectives. To assess police contact as a potential adverse childhood experience by measuring its prevalence, nature, and distribution among urban adolescents. Methods. Detailed US population-based data on youth‒police contact were collected in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2478) from 2014 to 2017. Using regression modeling, I assessed adolescents’ police exposure and the magnitude and robustness of racial disparities in police contact. Sensitivity analyses examined disparities by behavior and socioeconomic context. Results. Urban youths are heavily policed, beginning in preadolescence. Exposure to policing is unevenly distributed, with non-White adolescents—particularly Black boys—reporting more, and more aggressive, contact than their White counterparts. Hispanic‒White differences and disparities in girls’ experiences were less pronounced but present, particularly in how intrusive stops were. Intrusion disparities were robust to most behavioral controls, but not observed among youths with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions. Given extant literature documenting adverse health consequences of police encounters, findings implicate policing as a driver of health disparities in adolescence and throughout the life course. Public health infrastructure dedicated to the prevention and treatment of adverse childhood experiences is well suited for mitigating these harms and inequities. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print May 20, 2021: e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306259 )

Long term outcome of childhood onset headache: A prospective community study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Sillanpää ◽  
Maiju M Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Recurrent Headache ◽  
Childhood Migraine ◽  
Early School ◽  
Increased Risk

Purpose To examine prevalence, course, and long-term outcome of childhood migraine and other headaches. Method Using questionnaires, 1185 children were followed for recurrent headaches at ages seven, 14 and 32 years, respectively. Results At age seven years, 4.0% of the 1185 children (girls 3.7%, boys 4.3%) had migraine and 24% (25%/23%) had nonmigrainous headache. In adulthood, 16% (22%/8%) had migraine and 60% (64%/54%) nonmigrainous headache. Childhood migraine persisted into adulthood in 65% of females and 21% of males, and nonmigrainous headache in 62% and 59%, respectively. After childhood, 17% of females and 7% of males started to have episodes of migraine. No recurrent headache during the follow-up was reported by 11% (6%/16%). In a multivariate analysis, compared with no childhood headache, childhood migraine increased the risk of adulthood migraine by 3.36-fold (95% CI 1.94–5.82) and that of nonmigrainous headache by 1.72-fold (1.14–2.60). Discussion and conclusions Headaches are generally as common in preschool girls as boys. From early school years, headaches steadily increase up to young adulthood, but among boys the prevalence levels off after adolescence. About two thirds of children experienced changes in their headache status during a 25-year follow-up. Any kind of recurrent headache at school entry predicts an increased risk of headache in young adulthood. Special attention should be paid to girls and particularly those girls who have recurrent headache when they start school.

scholarly journals Effect of pre- and postnatal growth and post-weaning activity on glucose metabolism in the offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neele S Dellschaft ◽  
Marie-Cecile Alexandre-Gouabau ◽  
David S Gardner ◽  
Jean-Philippe Antignac ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Obesogenic Environment ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Pregnant Sheep

Maternal caloric restriction during late gestation reduces birth weight, but whether long-term adverse metabolic outcomes of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) are dependent on either accelerated postnatal growth or exposure to an obesogenic environment after weaning is not established. We induced IUGR in twin-pregnant sheep using a 40% maternal caloric restriction commencing from 110 days of gestation until term (∼147 days), compared with mothers fed to 100% of requirements. Offspring were reared either as singletons to accelerate postnatal growth or as twins to achieve standard growth. To promote an adverse phenotype in young adulthood, after weaning, offspring were reared under a low-activity obesogenic environment with the exception of a subgroup of IUGR offspring, reared as twins, maintained in a standard activity environment. We assessed glucose tolerance together with leptin and cortisol responses to feeding in young adulthood when the hypothalamus was sampled for assessment of genes regulating appetite control, energy and endocrine sensitivity. Caloric restriction reduced maternal plasma glucose, raised non-esterified fatty acids, and changed the metabolomic profile, but had no effect on insulin, leptin, or cortisol. IUGR offspring whose postnatal growth was enhanced and were obese showed insulin and leptin resistance plus raised cortisol. This was accompanied by increased hypothalamic gene expression for energy and glucocorticoid sensitivity. These long-term adaptations were reduced but not normalized in IUGR offspring whose postnatal growth was not accelerated and remained lean in a standard post-weaning environment. IUGR results in an adverse metabolic phenotype, especially when postnatal growth is enhanced and offspring progress to juvenile-onset obesity.

Utilization of glucocorticoids among White and Black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations from the enrollment visit of a prospective registry

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110558
Author(s):  
James K Sullivan ◽  
Emily A Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cleveland Clinic ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
White Patients

Background Black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) face higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to White patients. Long-term glucocorticoid use has been associated with worse health outcomes among patients with SLE. We sought to quantify chronic glucocorticoid use among Black and White patients with SLE within a prospective registry. Methods Using enrollment data from a registry at a large academic institution, we compared glucocorticoid use among Black and White patients with SLE. Multivariable logistic regression of race and glucocorticoid use was performed, adjusting for covariates exhibiting a bivariate association with glucocorticoids at significance level p < 0.10. Results 114 White participants (mean age 45; standard deviation (SD) 15) and 59 Black participants (mean age 42; SD 14) were analyzed. White participants had mean SLEDAI-2K score of 3.7 (SD 5.2). Black participants had mean SLEDAI-2K scores of 6.3 (SD 6.0). Among Black participants, 43 (72%) utilized glucocorticoids compared to White participants 39 (34%) (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 5.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.59–10.33). We did not observe differences between unadjusted hydroxychloroquine (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.28–1.65) or conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (cDMARD) (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.57–2.01) utilization among Black and White participants. SLEDAI-2K, disability, recent hospitalization, and past or present hydroxychloroquine or cDMARD use were included in a logistic regression model. Adjusting for covariates, Black participants were more likely to be on glucocorticoids (adjusted OR 5.69; 95% CI 2.17–14.96); p = 0.0004). Conclusion Adjusting for disease activity and other medications, Black patients had more exposure to chronic glucocorticoids than White patients in the Cleveland Clinic SLE registry. These patients may face increased glucocorticoid-related morbidity, which could contribute significantly to long-term health outcomes and utilization of health care resources. Future research in larger, more diverse registries should be conducted to further characterize patterns of glucocorticoid use.

scholarly journals 0890 Sleep Disordered Breathing is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in Young Adults: Preliminary Longitudinal Findings in the Penn State Child Cohort

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A339-A339
Author(s):  
J Fernandez-Mendoza ◽  
Z Gao ◽  
K Brandt ◽  
L Houser ◽  
S L Calhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Penn State ◽  
State Child ◽  
Disordered Breathing

Abstract Introduction Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in middle-age is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, population-based studies supporting its cardiovascular contribution at earlier stages of development are lacking, particularly with long-term follow-ups. Methods The Penn State Child Cohort is a population-based longitudinal sample of 700 children (8.7±1.7y), of whom 421 were followed-up 8.3 years later during adolescence (17.0±2.3y) with in-lab polysomnography (PSG). To date, 425 have been followed-up another 7.4 years later during young adulthood (24.4±2.6y) via a standardized survey and 136 of them (55.1% female, 21.3% racial/ethnic minority) have undergone a repeat of their PSG to ascertain apnea/hypopnea index. Subjects (n=121) also underwent Doppler ultrasounds to assess flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Linear regression models stratified by body mass index in young adulthood. Results SDB was cross-sectionally associated with lower FMD (β=-0.239, p=0.008) and greater CIMT (β=0.330, p&lt;0.001) in young adulthood. Longitudinally, childhood (n=121) and adolescence (n=90) SDB were significantly associated with CIMT (β=0.327, p&lt;0.001 and β=0.286, p=0.006, respectively), but not with FMD (β=-0.158, p=0.08 and β=-0.101, p=0.35, respectively). These associations, particularly longitudinal ones between childhood and adolescence SDB with CIMT in young adulthood, were stronger in overweight than normal weight subjects (e.g., β=0.310, p=0.030 and β =0.089, p=0.582, respectively). Conclusion SDB and obesity appear to be synergistically associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in young adults from the general population. These data suggest that a childhood exposure to chronic SDB is associated with long-term atherosclerosis, while endothelial dysfunction may be a short-term outcome. This ongoing 16-year longitudinal study will test whether the natural history of SDB from childhood through adolescence into young adulthood shows differential trajectories for cardiovascular morbidity. Support National Institutes of Health (R01HL136587, R01HL97165, R01HL63772, UL1TR000127)

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