scholarly journals Effects of conditioning temperature and pellet mill die speed on pellet quality and relative stabilities of phytase and xylanase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E Evans ◽  
Marut Saensukjaroenphon ◽  
Jordan T Gebhardt ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Stability ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Relative Stabilities ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature and die speed on pellet quality and enzyme stability of phytase and xylanase. Treatments were initially arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85°C) and die speed (127, 190, and 254 rpm); however, when conditioning at 85°C it was not possible to pellet at 127 rpm. Thus, data were analyzed in 2 different segments using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. First, linear and quadratic contrasts were utilized to test the response to increasing die speed at 74°C. Second, the data was analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85°C) and die speed (190 and 254 rpm). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated 3 times. Diets were conditioned for approximately 30 s and pelleted with a 4.8 mm diameter × 44.5 mm effective length die at a rate of 4.5 MT/h. Pellet durability index (PDI) was determined using the tumble box and Holmen NHP 100 methods. Samples of the unconditioned mash (M), conditioned mash (CM) and pellets (P) were collected and analyzed for phytase and xylanase concentration. Relative enzyme stabilities were expressed as CM:M, P:CM and P:M. Stabilities expressed as P:M were used an indication of enzyme stability through the entire pelleting process. Diets conditioned at 74°C showed no evidence of difference in phytase or xylanase P:M stability when decreasing die speed from 254 to 127 rpm. However, when conditioning diets at 74°C, decreasing die speed increased (linear, P < 0.001) PDI. There was no conditioning temperature × die speed interaction for overall xylanase P:M stability or PDI. However, there was a conditioning temperature × die speed interaction (P < 0.01) for phytase P:M stability. When conditioning diets at 85°C, increasing die speed decreased phytase P:M stability. However, when conditioning at 74°C, increasing die speed did not influence phytase P:M stability. For main effects of conditioning temperature, increasing temperature improved (P < 0.001) PDI with no evidence of difference for xylanase P:M stability. For the main effects of die speed (254 vs 190 rpm), decreasing die speed decreased (P < 0.001) the P:M xylanase stability, but there was no evidence of difference for PDI. The results of this trial indicate that die speed should be taken into consideration when evaluating enzyme stability of both phytase and xylanase as pellet mill models may be operating at different speeds. Additionally, increasing conditioning temperature will improve PDI, but may result in decreased phytase stability.

PENAMBAHAN ENZIM CAIRAN RUMEN LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN PADA PAKAN BERBASIS WHEAT POLLARD DENGAN PROSES PENGOLAHAN PADA KOMPOSISI KIMIA PAKAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dadik Pantaya., dkk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Steam Temperature ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Feed Moisture ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Basal Ration

The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of addition of enzymes from rumen liquor on performance broiler of pelleting feed with basal ration of wheat pollard with addition of enzymes and processing broiler diets. Ruminal enzymes were extracted from Australian Commercial Cross (ACC) cattles. Application of enzyme on wheat pollard. Enzyme was reacted with wheatpollard and mixed with another feedstuff before steam pelleting process. The combination nine experimental diets were used as follows three levels enzyme supplementation (0, 620 and 1.240 U/kg) and three levels steam temperature at (60, 80 and 100 oC) Feed particles size, hardness, PDI (Pellet Durability Index), moisture content, protein, GE and hemicellulosa were evaluated parameter devided into nine treatmens were used in this research. Data from Completely Randomized Design factorial 3 x 3 were analyzed with Anova, if differences were continued by Duncan’s new multiple range test. Enzyme supplementation decreased feed hardness and PDI. There were interaction beetwen enzyme and temperature for feed moisture content. Hemicellulosa was significantly reduced by steam temperature at 80 and 100 oC and enzyme supplementation 1.240 U/kgKey Words: enzyme liquor rumen, wheat pollard, steam pelleting, feed Chemical composition

scholarly journals 157 The effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperatures or die thickness on pellet quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
Caitlin E Evans ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
Charles R Stark
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Linear Decrease ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Die Thickness

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperature or die thickness on pellet quality. Experiment 1, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of corn starch inclusion level (0, 5 and 10%) and die thickness (4mm×13mm and 4mm×22 mm). Experiment 2, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of fine ground corn inclusion level (0, 10 and 20) and conditioning temperature (80 and 85°C) with treatments pelleted using a 4mm×22mm die (5.6 L:D). In both experiments, treatments were pelleted using a model CL-5 CPM pellet mill (Crawfordsville, IN). The result of experiment 1 demonstrated that there was no interaction between corn starch inclusion level and die thickness on modified pellet durability index (PDI), (P=0.636). Increasing die thickness from 12.7 to 22.2 mm increased PDI from 43 to 70% (P< 0.001). There was a linear decrease (P< 0.001) in PDI as the corn starch inclusion level increased from 0 to 10% (64, 60, and 46%, respectively). The result of experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no interaction between fine ground corn inclusion level and conditioning temperature on PDI (P=0.541). The fine ground corn inclusion level did not impact PDI (P=0.298). Increasing conditioning temperature from 80 to 85°C increased PDI (P< 0.001) from 76 to 85%, respectively (P< 0.001). Based on the results, the use of pure corn starch was not an effective binding agent in the feed when the diet contains at least 60% ground corn. The ratio of small corn particles to large corn particles in the diet did not impact pellet quality when the diets were conditioned above 80°C for 35 sec and then pelleted with a 5.6 L:D die. Increasing die thickness and conditioning temperature improved pellet quality.

scholarly journals PSIX-9 Effects of Conditioning Temperature on Pellet Quality of Nursery Pig Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
Gage E Nichols ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Aundria Ogles ◽  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Pellet Temperature ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Master Model ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature on pellet durability index (PDI) and pellet hardness. A nursery pig diet was formulated to contain 25% spray-dried whey. Treatments consisted of three different conditioning temperatures: 54, 63, and 71°C. Diets were steam conditioned (245 mm × 1397 mm Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec and pelleted using a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) with a 4.8 mm × 31.8 mm pellet die (L:D 6.7). The production rate was set at 900 kg/h. Treatments were pelleted at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Samples were collected directly after discharging from the pellet mill and cooled in an experimental counterflow cooler. Samples were analyzed for PDI using the Holmen NHP 100 for 60 sec (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK). Pellet hardness was determined by evaluating the peak amount of force applied before the first signs of fracture. Although conditioning temperature was increased in a linear fashion, a quadratic increase (P < 0.002) in hot pellet temperature (HPT) was observed. The HPT were 68, 72, and 74°C for diets conditioned to 54, 63 and 71°C, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature resulted in increased (linear, P < 0.045) PDI and pellet hardness. As conditioning temperature increased from 54, to 71°C PDI increased from 87% to 92% and the force required to crush pellets increased from 13.5 to 15.9 kg. There was a tendency for a correlation (P < 0.076, r = 0.618, r2 = 0.382) between pellet hardness and PDI. Overall, increasing the conditioning temperature increased pellet hardness and pellet durability.

scholarly journals Methodology of the tetrazolium test for identifying viable seeds of orchids of the genus Cattleya native to the Brazilian Cerrado

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 1351-1360
Author(s):  
Luan Marlon Ribeiro ◽  
◽  
José Carlos Sorgato ◽  
Jackeline Schultz Soares ◽  
Jéssica Celeste Mônico Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Orchids need measures for conservation of their species, among them the creation of seed banks. This study analyzes suitable methodologies to identify the viability of Cattleya seeds through the tetrazolium test. Seeds of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. and Cattleya walkeriana Gardn. were submitted to three preconditioning: no soaking (control); sucrose (10%); or distilled water. After 24 hours, they were submitted to tetrazolium solution with three types of conditioning: oven (40 °C); water bath (40 °C); or room temperature. Subsequently, the percentage of viable seeds (VS) was calculated and in vitro sowing was carried out. Germination percentage (G) was determined after 45 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species studied, with treatments arranged in a 3x3 factorial scheme (three preconditioning and three conditioning), with eight replicates of one tube each. The experiment was performed in duplicate. The highest viability values found in the tetrazolium test were close to those of germination (C. nobilior: VS = 88% e G = 97%; C. walkeriana: VS = 88% e G = 95%) for Cattleya species native to the Cerrado. The conditioning at ambient temperature had a greater effect on seed visualization for both species studied, suggesting that the tetrazolium test should be performed at this conditioning temperature.

Effects of Low Oil DDGS on Pellet Quality and Pellet Mill Motor Electrical Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Ashton D Yoder ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Kevin J Herick ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
Barry J Bradford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Manufacturing Parameters

Abstract.Including dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in pelleted feed is often limited because of pellet quality concerns. Crude-fat acts as a lubricant in the DDGS when flowing through the pellet die, thus reducing die resistive force in the die, which in turn, reduces pellet durability index (PDI). Including a low-oil DDGS (5.9% crude-fat) instead of a medium-oil DDGS may mitigate these adverse effects. Low-oil DDGS are commonly pelleted for supplemental feeding to increase bulk density, flowability, and reduce feed wastage, but pelleting low-oil DDGS as the sole ingredient is not common. Thus, the objectives were to evaluate PDI, comparing two different sources of DDGS in a complete swine diet, and determine pellet mill manufacturing parameters to optimize the PDI of a low-oil (6.1% crude-fat) DDGS source (Dakota Gold™, POET Nutrition, Sioux Falls, S.D.). Three methods were used to evaluate PDI: Holmen NHP100 for 60 s, standard PDI(ASABE, 2005), and modified PDI (three 19.0 mm hex nuts). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v. 9.4 (Cary, N.C.). Phase 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two sources of DDGS (low-oil and medium-oil DDGS), two pellet temperatures (66°C and 82°C), two inclusion rates (15% and 30%) and their interaction. Pellets were manufactured using a pellet mill (Master Model HD 1000, California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Ind.) with a 30 hp motor and 4.0 × 32.0 mm die (L/D = 8) attached, and ran in triplicate for a total of 24 collected samples. There was no interaction across any factorial combination but replacing medium-oil with low-oil DDGS, and increasing the DDGS inclusion level improved (P = 0.014) PDI. Conditioning temperature did not affect (P = 0.269) PDI. Phase 2 consisted of pelleting low-oil DDGS as the sole ingredient, across three different experiments, each measuring PDI comparing different pellet process parameters. The three experiments included, 1) 3 × 2 factorial with three conditioning temperatures (49°C, 66°C, and 82°C), and two retention times (30 and 60 s); 2) two pellet dies with differing length/diameter (L/D) ratios (5.6 and 10.0); and 3) 3 × 2 factorial with three production rates (1,360, 2,270, and 3,175 kg/h), and two pellet die rpms (166 and 254). Pellets were manufactured using a pellet mill (3016-4 California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Ind.) with a 100 hp motor. In experiment 1, neither the interaction (P = 0.235), retention time (P = 0.601), nor conditioning temperature (P = 0.052) impacted PDI. In experiment 2, a thicker die with a 10.0 L/D ratio improved (P = 0.011) PDI. In experiment 3, results indicated neither the interaction (P = 0.642) nor production rate (P = 0.558) affected PDI; however, increasing pellet die rpm improved (P = 0.033) PDI. The results of these experiments indicate that the addition of low-oil DDGS improve PDI compared with medium-oil DDGS, and PDI was improved with the 10.0 L/D ratio die, rotating at 254 rpm. Keywords: DDGS, Pellet durability index, Pelleting.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Taraf Penyemprotan Air dan Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Daya Tahan Ransum Broiler Finisher Berbentuk Pellet

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuli Retnani ◽  
Edo Duanda Putra ◽  
Lidy Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Storage

The effect of different water spraying level and storage period on endurance of pellet broiler finisherABSTRACT. The storage is very important in a farm management, because this activity can take care of feed stability which enough and preferable to be consumed by animal and also strive for animal food availability continuously. The purpose of this research is to know the water spraying level and variation of storage period against the endurance of pellet broiler finisher ration. This research was designed by a Completely Randomized Design Factorial with two factors (water spraying different level and storage period) with four replicates, the significant result were analyzed by orthogonal contras test. On this experiment, the different level of water spraying (0, 3, 6%) were conducted during mixing at conditioning process, and then the ration were stored until four weeks to study the endurance of pellet e.g.: water content (%), water activity, specific gravity (ton/m3), pellet durability index (%), attack of insect. The water content, specific gravity, and pellet durability index was very significantly (P0.01) reduce by water spraying different level, and not significantly on water activity. The storage period showed very significantly (P0.01) increase the specific gravity, pellet durability index, and the insect attacks, and significantly (P0.01) decreased the water activity, but not effect on water content. Interaction among spraying level and storage period is very significantly (P0.01) on the values of water content, water activity, specific gravity and pellet durability.

scholarly journals Egg characteristics of Japanese quail fed diets containing guava extract (Psidium guajava L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51892
Author(s):  
Helder Freitas de Oliveira ◽  
Nadja Susana Mogyca Leandro ◽  
Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas ◽  
Deborah Pereira Carvalho ◽  
Raiana Almeida Noleto Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Haugh Unit

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of eggs produced by Japanese quails fed with guava extract. A total of 400 eggs collected from the quails fed with experimental diets, were distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement 4 x 4 with main effects including four dietary levels of guava extract (0, 3, 6 and 9 g kg-1) and four storage periods (0, 9, 18 and 27 days) totalizing 16 treatments with five replicates of five eggs. The eggs were produced by Japanese quails, fed with experimental diets. The diets were isonutritive formulated by corn-soybean basis. The eggs were stored for different periods, at the same conditions, to constitute the treatments. The parameters evaluated were egg weight loss (g and %), yolk color, Haugh unit, specific gravity, eggshell thickness and pH of the yolk and albumen. Data were submitted to ANOVA, and means were compared using Scott-Knott test, using α = 0.05. The specific gravity of fresh eggs was better with the use of 6 g kg-1 of guava extract in the diet. The use of 3 g kg-1 of guava extract resulted in smaller eggshell thickness of fresh eggs. The Haugh unit was affected just by the storage periods. The dietary guava extract (3, 6 or 9 g kg-1) increased the pH of albumen in eggs stored for 27 days. The use of 6 g kg-1 of guava extract in quails diet increase the specific gravity in fresh eggs and increase the yolk color when the eggs are stored.

scholarly journals PSI-11 Moisture Content Throughout the Pelleting Process and Subsequent Effects on Pellet Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
Rachel Kort ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Chance Fiehler ◽  
Aundria Ogles ◽  
Jared Froetschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Feed Temperature

Abstract This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of steam addition to the conditioner on moisture content throughout the pelleting process and subsequent effects on pellet quality. Treatments consisted of diets pelleted with no steam and steam added to achieve conditioning temperatures of 62.8 and 87.8°C. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 sec and diets were pelleted with a 6.4×63.5 mm pellet die. Pellet samples were collected and immediately placed in an experimental counter-flow cooler for 15 min. All treatments were replicated at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Mash (M), conditioned mash (CM), hot pellets (HP), and cooled pellet (CP) samples were collected for moisture content analysis and CP for pellet durability index (PDI). Data were analyzed with pelleting run as the experimental unit and time period as the blocking factor. Moisture samples were analyzed as a 3×4 factorial of steam-conditioning and sample location. There was a steam-conditioning×sample interaction (P< 0.01) for moisture. Mash samples for all treatments were similar (13.3%; 36.2°C). For the no steam treatment, there was no difference in moisture content for the M, CM, and HP; however, moisture decreased in CP, with samples having 13.4, 13.1, 12.9, and 12.0% moisture, respectively. For the 62.7°C treatment, there was an increase in moisture from M to CM, followed by a decrease in both HP and CP, with samples having 13.2, 15.3, 14.9, and 12.7% moisture, respectively. For the 87.8°C treatment, moisture increased from M to CM, and decreased in HP and CP with samples having 13.3, 17.3, 16.3, and 13.4% moisture, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature from no steam to 87.8°C increased (P< 0.01) PDI from 3.3, 59.1, to 91.1%, respectively. In conclusion, increasing feed temperature from 36.2 to 87.8°C via steam addition increased condition mash moisture content by 4.2% resulting in improved pellet quality.

Herba Reudeuep With Modification of Heating In Virgin Cocanut Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyuzan Wahyuzan ◽  
Lukmanul Hakim ◽  
Rahmat Afrizal ◽  
Asmeri Lamona ◽  
Khairuni Khairuni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Traditional medicine in Indonesia has been known by the public before formal health services using modern medicine. Indonesia has many type of herbal plants which have medicinal properties including dadap (Erythrina orientalis). This study aims to utilized dadap herbal liniment by modifying heating in Vigin Cocanut Oil. The study conducted in the laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the addition of 250 ml (M1), 375 ml (m2), and 400 ml (M3) Virgin Cocanut Oil treatment. The second factor is the heating tim of 5 minutes (L1), 10 minutes (L2), and 15 minutes (L3). Observation variable consisted of yield, Specific gravity, and organoleptic test of aroma and colored. The result showed an average yield of 87.70-91.88%. The highest yield was found in the treatment of adding 400 ml Virgin Cocanut Oil and 15 minutes of heating time. The highest type of weight was found in the treatment of addition of 325 ml Virgin Cocanut Oil and 5 minutes heating time. Based on the organoleptic scent test, the everage penalist gives a like answer. Organoleptic colors of reudeuep herbal products is according to SNI number 06-23-2006.

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