scholarly journals Effects of crude protein content on intake and digestion of coastal bermudagrass hay by horses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Spurgin ◽  
J A Coverdale ◽  
J L Leatherwood ◽  
L A Redmon ◽  
A N Bradbery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Coastal Bermudagrass ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Quadratic Effects

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effects of forage CP level on intake and digestion of Coastal bermudagrass hay by horses. Four cecally fistulated geldings were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four treatments and four periods. Horses were fed one of four Coastal bermudagrass hays consisting of 7, 10, 13, or 16% CP during each of the four 15-d periods. Intake and apparent digestibility were determined for each horse at the end of each period by total fecal collection. In addition, cecal fluid and blood samples were collected on the last day of each period for determination of cecal ammonia, cecal pH, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma glucose concentrations. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Crude protein concentration of Coastal bermudagrass hay influenced equine intake and digestion. Increasing CP concentration linearly increased digestible OM intake (DOMI) from 3.79 to 5.98 kg/d for 7 and 16% CP hay, respectively (P = 0.04). Furthermore, as forage CP level increased, CP intake increased linearly (P < 0.01). Forage CP level had no effect on forage DM intake. Quadratic effects (P ≤ 0.05) were observed for forage OM, NDF, ADF, and digestible energy. Overall digestibility was lowest for the 7% CP hay and highest for the 10% CP hay. Cecal pH remained above 6.62 irrespective of treatment and time, indicating that cecal pH was suitable for microbial growth. As forage CP level increased, cecal ammonia concentration increased linearly from 0.03 mM for the 7% to 1.74 mM for the 16% CP hay (P < 0.01). Concentration of plasma glucose also linearly increased (P = 0.04) from 68.77 to 73.68 mg/dL as CP concentration increased from 7% to 16% CP. Plasma urea nitrogen exhibited a quadratic effect as concentration increased (P < 0.01) from 4.34 to 5.61 mM for the 7 and 16% CP hays, respectively. Overall, the 10% CP hay had the highest digestibility due to its higher OM digestion. As forage OMI increased, digestible OM increased until physiological capacity for digestion is exceeded. At that point, digestion will decline with the decrease in OMI, explaining the lower digestion for other forages fed.

scholarly journals Effect of incorporating forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-728
Author(s):  
A.A. Pursley ◽  
B. Biligetu ◽  
T.D. Warkentin ◽  
H.A. Lardner ◽  
G.B. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial N

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion rate of pea hay in barley or oat hay diets for beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square (25 d periods) with a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included whole-crop barley or oat hay with pea hay blended in to achieve inclusion rates of 0%, 15%, or 30% (dry matter basis) of the forage. Pea hay inclusion increased dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg d−1 relative to diets without pea hay, but the response was not linear or quadratic. Inclusion of pea hay linearly increased mean ruminal pH (P = 0.039), the concentration of butyrate in ruminal fluid (P = 0.013), plasma urea nitrogen (N) concentration (P = 0.001), and quadratically increased ruminal ammonia concentration (P < 0.001). Pea hay inclusion reduced crude protein (CP) digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments (P = 0.025), but did not affect N intake, microbial N, or N excretion. Overall, pea hay inclusion increased DMI, increased ruminal butyrate concentration, but reduced CP digestibility without affecting N balance.

Effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, sucrose or urea plus sucrose on plasma urea and glucose kinetics in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Obara ◽  
D. W. Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Glucose Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Urea Kinetics ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

SUMMARYThe effect of rumen fermentation on the relationship between urea and glucose kinetics was examined in sheep fed chopped lucerne hay with intraruminal infusions of water, urea, sucrose, or urea plus sucrose at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1986. Sheep were fed hourly and infused intraruminally with water (1200 m1/day), or a similar volume containing either urea alone (13·7g/day), sucrose alone (178·2 g/day) or urea (14·6 g/day) plus sucrose (175·0 g/day). The added sucrose resulted in a lower rumen ammonia concentration (P< 0·05), lower plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and reduced urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Urea recycled to the gut tended to increase with the sucrose, urea or sucrose plus urea treatments compared with the water treatment. The fermentation of sucrose in the rumen resulted in decreases in ruminal pH (P< 0·05) and in the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) (P< 0·05). The infusion of sucrose also increased the concentration of propionate in rumen fluid (P< 0·05), tended to increase the plasma glucose level and increased plasma glucose irreversible loss (P< 0·05). The infusion of urea resulted in an increase in the plasma urea level (P< 0·05), urea pool size (P< 0·05) and urea irreversible loss (P< 0·01). However, urea infusion did not affect glucose metabolism or volatile fatty acid (VFA) fermentation. The effects of sucrose infusion on glucose and urea kinetics were broadly similar when given alone or with urea, apart from changes in the urea degradation rate. It was concluded that the additional fermentative activity resulting from sucrose increased propionate production which, in turn, was available for glucose production, thus ‘sparing’ amino acids for tissue protein utilization and reducing urea excretion.

scholarly journals Senna spectabilis FRUIT ON HAIR LAMBS FEEDING: DIGESTIBILITY, BLOOD METABOLITES, AND RUMINAL KINETIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Bonilla-Trujillo ◽  
Jairo Andrés Pardo-Guzman ◽  
Román David Castañeda-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Abstract In recent years sheep, farming has emerged as an alternative production system especially in dry areas. The use of leaves and fruit from some trees has become an alternative for feeding for ruminants; however, studies on these species are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. spectabilis fruit meal on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs. This study was carried out at Las Brisas farm, University of Tolima - Colombia. Twelve male hair lambs with body weight of 20.3 ± 2.5 kg were used. Animals were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of diets based on Dichanthium spp hay with different inclusion levels of S. spectabilis fruit meal (15, 30, and 45%). A linear increasing effect (P <0.05) was observed for in vivo and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein; likewise, plasma urea and ruminal degradability increased as the level of supplementation of S. spectabilis increased. The meal of S. spectabilis improves digestibility, protein intake, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs; therefore, it is suggested as a promising alternative for ruminants feeding in dry tropic regions.

Influence of plasma urea nitrogen on superovulatory response and embryo recovery in Merino ewes

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 129-129
Author(s):  
M. Omidi
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
High Serum ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
High Serum Concentration ◽  
Fertilisation Rate

The plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) can be an indication of the quantity and degradability of the protein consumed. The high serum concentration of PUN may reduce fertility by local toxic effect on either the sperm, the ovum or the developing embryo (Jordan and Swanson, 1979). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high concentration of PUN following the increase of crude protein (CP) intake on ovarian response and fertilisation rate of superovulated ewes.

Amino acid nutrition of the lactating sow: the requirement for dietary lysine

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wilkinson ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Lactating Sow

ABSTRACTThe lysine requirement of the lactating sow was examined in two Latin-square experiments using multiparous sows, in mid lactation, each of which suckled a litter of 10 piglets. The lysine requirement was examined by the addition of supplementary synthetic lysine to a basal diet deficient in lysine, to give dietary lysine levels of 6·4 to 17·2g/kg dry matter. The adequacy of the lysine supply was judged by the responses of plasma lysine, plasma and urea-nitrogen, urinary urea-nitrogen and milk composition. Intersecting linear regression lines were fitted to the treatment means. The responses of urinary urea-nitrogen, in the two experiments, indicated that the lactating sow required approximately 48·5 g dietary lysine per day while the response of plasma lysine indicated a requirement of approximately 51 g lysine per day. Plasma urea and milk composition were less useful as indicators of the nutritional adequacy than were urinary urea-nitrogen and plasma lysine.

scholarly journals The effect of intragastric infusion of glucose, lipids or acetate on fasting nitrogen excretion and blood metabolites in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Asplund ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
F. D. DEB. Hovell ◽  
N. A. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Protein Energy

1. Two experiments are reported in which the effect of the intragastric infusion of non-protein energy on fasting nitrogen losses was studied. Expt 1 was a preliminary trial with two 35 kg lambs given 0, 144, 288 or 432 kJ/kg live weight (W)0.75per d as lipid or glucose infused into the abomasum for periods of 3 d. Expt 2 was of a 4 x 4 Latin square design with four sheep of about 30 kg live weight. The four treatments were control (fasted with water infusion), or the infusion of 144 W/kg W0.75per d as glucose or lipid into the abomasum or as acetic acid into the reticulo-rumen.2. Compared with the fasted control, glucose infusion reduced (P < 0.05) N excretion to about 0.6 of that of the control, increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, decreased (P < 0.05) plasma urea and β-hydroxybutyrate, and was without effect on plasma amino-N or creatinine excretion.3. Lipid and acetate infusions were without statistically significant effect on N or creatinine excretion or any of the blood indices measured, with the exception of plasma glucose which was reduced (P < 0.05) with acetate infusion.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N. Beloshapka ◽  
Amanda K. Wolff ◽  
Kelly S. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
End Products ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Weight Data

Polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. A total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem0·5) years; 20 (sem0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. A Latin square design was used, with each treatment period lasting 14 d (days 0–10 adaptation; days 11–14 fresh and total faecal collection). All dogs were fed to maintain body weight. Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS software. Although apparent total tract DM digestibility was unaffected, total tract crude protein digestibility tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly with increasing dietary polydextrose concentrations. Fresh faecal DM percentage tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly, while faecal scores increased (P < 0·05; looser stools) with increasing dietary concentrations of polydextrose. Faecal acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations increased (P < 0·05) linearly with increased dietary polydextrose. Faecal pH decreased (P < 0·05) linearly with increasing polydextrose. Faecal indole tended to decrease (P < 0·10) linearly with increasing polydextrose, but other faecal protein catabolites were not changed. FaecalClostridium perfringenslinearly decreased (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary polydextrose concentrations, butEscherichia coli,Lactobacillusspp. andBifidobacteriumspp. were not affected. Based on the present results, polydextrose appears to act as a highly fermentable fibre, but requires further research to test its potential as a prebiotic in dogs.

scholarly journals 244 White and red sorghum as primary carbohydrate sources in extruded diets of felines

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 62-62
Author(s):  
Patrick von Schaumburg ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Heather Mangian ◽  
Jolene Hoke ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The human interest of ancient grains replacing modern carbohydrate sources has reached the pet food market, and there has been increased focus on corn- and wheat-free diets in pet foods. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of white and red sorghum grains on the gastrointestinal health of felines through the determination of apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD), fecal characteristics, fermentative end-products, microbiota, and how the sorghum grains compared against a traditionally corn-based diet. Three diets containing 30% corn (CO), 30% white sorghum (WS), or 30% red sorghum (RS) were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2017) nutritional requirements for felines. Nine male cats were randomly assigned to one of the 3 dietary treatments using a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Experiment periods consisted of 14 days (10 days of diet adaption + 4 days of total, fresh collection). All diets were highly digested by cats, however, ATTD of dry matter was highest (P &lt; 0.05) for RS (81.13%) and lowest for CO (78.28%), organic matter was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for RS (86.40%) and lowest for CO (84.15%), crude protein was similar amongst diets with a range of 84.52%-86.57%, acid hydrolyzed fat was similar amongst diets with a range of 91.36%–92.79%, and total dietary fiber was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in WS (55.96%) with CO being lowest (44.66%). Fecal pH (6.28–6.54) and most metabolites did not differ among diets (P &gt; 0.05), except for phenol/indole concentrations that were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in cats fed RS (178.88 ug/g) compared to CO (240.34 ug/g). Overall, the data gathered suggest that dietary supplementation of WS and RS as carbohydrate sources were well tolerated by the cats. Thus, sorghum is an acceptable alternative to corn in extruded diets of felines.

Rearing dairy calves on irrigated tropical pastures. 1. Effect of protein level on liveweight gain and blood components

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Moss ◽  
RM Murray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Digestible Energy

Isoenergetic (12 MJ ME/kg DM) concentrate supplements of varying protein contents, were fed to dairy weaner calves grazing irrigated Setaria anceps cv. Kazungula pastures. Calves in each of the 5 treatment groups were given 1 kg concentratelday containing cracked maize and cottonseed meal in the proportions 1:0, 5:1, 4:2, 3:3 and 0:l. Acontrol group received no supplement. Two drafts of animals were used to measure the response during winter-spring (dry season) and summer (wet season). Without supplementation, calves gained 0.34 kg/day in spring and 0.20 kg/day during the wet season. Supplementation increased liveweight gains by 0.25 and 0.20 kg/calf.day in spring and summer, respectively. Substitution of cottonseed meal for maize did not consistently increase liveweight gain. Calves selected a pasture diet of 97% leaf, 16% crude protein and 66% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Mean daily rumen ammonia concentration was 134 mg NH3-N/L in unsupplemented calves, and 89 mg NH3-N/L in calves fed maize (P<0.05). Cottonseed meal was rapidly degraded in the rumen, with peak concentrations of rumen ammonia of 570 mg NH3-N/L 2 hours after feeding. Concentrations of rumen ammonia and plasma urea were closely correlated with supplemental protein intake (R2 = 0.98). Plasma total protein and albumin also increased with protein content of supplements (R2 = 0.73). Concentrations of plasma glucose and total volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor increased with supplementation, but were not influenced by the level of protein in the supplement. Correlations between liveweight gain and plasma glucose concentration were low (R2 = 0.65 spring; R2 = 0.20 summer). Digestible energy intake was the first limitation to liveweight gain of these calves grazing actively growing, tropical grass pastures. Although animals consistently selected leaf, the level of digestible energy intake was well below requirements, and increasing the level of protein in the diet was ineffective in increasing liveweight gain.

scholarly journals Effect of growth promoters (probiotics) supplementation on performance, rumen activity and some blood constituents in growing lambs

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-617
Author(s):  
H. Hillal ◽  
G. El-Sayaad ◽  
M. Abdella
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Live Body Weight

Abstract. The current study examined the effects of probiotics (Pronifer and More-yeast) supplementation to growing lambs. 25 crossbred (Osimi×Rahmani) growing lambs of about 6–8 months age and an average initial live body weight of 25 kg were used. Lambs divided into five groups (5 lambs for each group) and the experimental period lasted for 169 days. The control group T1 received concentrate feed mixture (CFM), group T2 and T3 received 1.5 and 3 kg Pronifer/Mg (megagram) CFM and group T4 and T5 received 2.5 and 5 kg More-yeast/ Mg CFM, respectively. Rumen liquor and blood samples were taken and digestibility trial was conducted at the end of the experiment. Results showed higher digestibility values for crude protein (P<0.05) in T3 and T4 when compared to control. Nutritive ratio was lower (P<0.05) in groups T3 and T4 than in group T2. More-yeast supplementation improved dry matter intake (P<0.001), while a reverse trend was observed with Pronifer supplementation. All treatments had little effect on ruminal liquor except ruminal ammonia concentration in T5 was lower (P<0.05) than other treatments. The differences in most blood plasma parameters due to treatment effect were not significant, except plasma urea and globulin concentrations increased (P<0.05) with T5 treatment. The obtained results appear to indicate that Moreyeast supplementation improved lambs performance and digestibility, whereas, Pronifer supplementation enhanced digestibility.

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