scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of Lactobacillus plantarum as direct-fed microbials in high-producing dairy cows diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo F Monteiro ◽  
Ana Laura J Lelis ◽  
Virginia L N Brandao ◽  
Andressa Faccenda ◽  
Andre S Avila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Metabolism

Abstract The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare the effects of live yeast (LY), yeast fermentation product (YFP), a mix of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (MLP), and Lactobacillus plantarum included as additives in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation and gas production (GP); and 2) to evaluate the effects of L. plantarum as direct-fed microbials (DFM) in dairy cows’ diets on in vitro ruminal fermentation, GP, nutrient digestibility, and N metabolism. Three experiments were carried out: Exp. 1 had the objective to compare all additives regarding ruminal fermentation parameters: an Ankom GP system was used in a completely randomized design, consisting of four 48 h incubations, and eight replications per treatment. There were eight treatments: a basal diet without additive (CTRL) or with one of the following additives: LY, YFP, MLP, or L. plantarum at four levels (% of diet Dry Matter (DM)): 0.05% (L1), 0.10% (L2), 0.15% (L3), and 0.20% (L4). In Exp. 2, a batch culture was used to evaluate ruminal fermentation, and CO2 and CH4 production using the same treatments and a similar experimental design, except for having 16 replications per treatment. Based on Exp. 1 and 2 results, Exp. 3 aimed at evaluating the effects of the L. plantarum on ruminal true nutrient digestibility and N utilization in order to evaluate the use of L. plantarum as DFM. The treatments CTRL, MLP, L1, and L2 were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Data were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression; treatment means were compared through contrasts, and L treatments in Exp. 1 and 2 were tested for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects. In Exp. 1, all treatments containing additives tended to reduce OM digestibility as well as reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and total GP. The YFP had greater OM digestibility than LY, and MLP treatment had greater total VFA concentration compared to L. plantarum treatments. In Exp. 2, additives reduced CO2 production, and there were no major differences in CH4. In Exp. 3, all additives reduced NH3-N concentration. In conclusion, pH and lactate concentration were not affected in all three experiments regardless of additive tested, suggesting that these additives may not improve ruminal fermentation by pH modulation; and L. plantarum may improve ruminal N metabolism when used as DFM in high-producing dairy cows’ diets, mainly by reducing NH3-N concentration.

scholarly journals Effects of wilting and additives on the ensiling quality and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of sudangrass silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Jiang Chun Wan ◽  
Kai Yun Xie ◽  
Yu Xiang Wang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Zhu Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Positive Effects

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> on the ensiling quality and <i>in vitro</i> rumen fermentation of sudangrass silage prepared with or without wilting.Methods: The ensiling experiment, measured with 3 replicates, was carried out according to a 2×4 (wilted stages×additives) factorial treatment structure. Dry matter of the fresh (210 g/kg fresh matter) or wilted (305 g/kg fresh matter) sudangrass were ensiled (packed into 5.0-L plastic jars) without additive (control) or with molasses (M), <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (LP), or molasses + <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> (M+LP). After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed for the chemical, fermentation, and <i>in vitro</i> characteristics.Results: After 60 days of ensiling, the fermentation parameters were affected by wilted, the additives and the interactions of wilted with the additives (p<0.05). The M+LP treatment at wilted had higher lactic acid levels and V-score (p<0.05) but lower pH values and butyric acid concentrations than the other treatments. In comparison with sudangrass before ensiling, after ensiling had lower dry matter and higher non-fibrous carbohydrate. The <i>in vitro</i> gas production, <i>in vitro</i> dry matter digestibility, <i>in vitro</i> crude protein digestibility, and <i>in vitro</i> acid fiber detergent digestibility changed under the effects of the additives. Significant interactions were observed between wilted and the additives in terms of <i>in vitro</i> gas production at 48 h, asymptotic gas production, gas production rate, half time, and the average gas production rate. The total volatile fatty acid levels in the additive treatments were higher than those in the control.Conclusion: Wilting and supplementation with molasses and <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> had the ability to improve the ensiling quality and <i>in vitro</i> nutrient digestibility of sudangrass silage. The M+LP treatment at wilted exhibited the strongest positive effects on silage quality and <i>in vitro</i> ruminal fermentation characteristics.

Effects of copper sulphate and coated copper sulphate addition on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in dairy cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
L. Han ◽  
G. W. Zhang ◽  
H. S. Du ◽  
Z. Z. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Milk Performance

Abstract Coated copper sulphate (CCS) could be used as a Cu supplement in cows. To investigate the influences of copper sulphate (CS) and CCS on milk performance, nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation, fifty Holstein dairy cows were arranged in a randomised block design to five groups: control, CS addition (7·5 mg Cu/kg DM from CS) or CCS addition (5, 7·5 and 10 mg Cu/kg DM from CCS, respectively). When comparing Cu source at equal inclusion rates (7·5 mg/kg DM), cows receiving CCS addition had higher yields of fat-corrected milk, milk fat and protein; digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF); ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration; activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, pectinase and α-amylase; populations of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes; and liver Cu content than cows receiving CS addition. Increasing CCS addition, DM intake was unchanged, yields of milk, milk fat and protein; feed efficiency; digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and acid-detergent fibre; ruminal total VFA concentration; acetate:propionate ratio; activity of cellulolytic enzyme; populations of total bacteria, protozoa and dominant cellulolytic bacteria; and concentrations of Cu in serum and liver increased linearly, but ruminal propionate percentage, ammonia-N concentration, α-amylase activity and populations of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus decreased linearly. The results indicated that supplement of CS could be substituted with CCS and addition of CCS improved milk performance and nutrient digestion in dairy cows.

Increasing dietary doses of an Aspergillus oryzae extract with alpha-amylase activity on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio S. Takiya ◽  
Gustavo D. Calomeni ◽  
Thiago Henrique Silva ◽  
Thiago Henrique A. Vendramini ◽  
Guilherme G. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

scholarly journals Concentrate feeding and ruminal fermentation. 2. Influence of concentrate ingredients on pH and on L-lactate concentration in incubations in vitro with rumen fluid.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
A. Malestein ◽  
A.T. van 't Klooster ◽  
G.H.M. Counotte ◽  
R.A. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Maize Meal

2. Rumen fluid was sampled before feeding from cows given hay, diluted with an anaerobic salt solution and added (20 ml) to different amounts (mostly 1 g) of maize gluten meal, maize, citrus pulp, tapioca, beet pulp, coconut expeller or soya bean oilmeal for incubation at 39 deg C. After at least 4 h of incubation there were large differences in pH and lactic acid concentration. The acidotic index of the feeds was influenced by increasing concentration of the substrate. Except with maize meal, there was little effect of particle size on pH and lactic acid concentration. There were differences in effect on pH and lactic acid concentration between different batches of the same feeds, especially with maize meal. Incubations with mixtures of concentrate ingredients showed different pH and lactic acid concentrations from values expected from results with the single ingredients. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of sulfur concentrations in fermented total mixed rations containing fresh cassava root on rumen fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanadol Supapong ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Context Feeding of fresh cassava root in ruminants is limited because it contains a high level of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which is responsible for poisoning. Aims The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sulfur levels supplementation in the fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) containing fresh cassava root as an energy source on the gas kinetics, ruminal fermentation, reduction of HCN concentration and nutrient digestibility in the in vitro gas production. Methods The experimental design was a 3 × 4 factorial in a completely randomised design. Dietary treatments contained factor A, which was three levels of sulfur supplementation at 0, 1 and 2% in FTMR, and factor B was ensiling time at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. Key results Concentration of HCN in FTMR was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by 73.7% when sulfur was supplemented in FTMR at 2%. The levels of HCN in FTMR were 2.89, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.49 ppm, for ensiling time of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). HCN was reduced when ensiling started at 7 days. Gas production from soluble fractions (a) ranged from –1.2 to –2.4 and was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) ranged from 48.8 to 53.9, and gas production rate constants for the insoluble fraction (c) ranged from 0.1 to 0.2. The potential extent of gas production (a + b) was also unchanged when the concentration of sulfur increased (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, there were no interactions between sulfur levels and ensiling times on all parameters (P &gt; 0.05). In contrast, cumulative gas production (at 96 h of incubation) was significantly different when sulfur increased at 2% (P &lt; 0.05), while ensiling times did not affect cumulative gas production. Ruminal pH was affected by FTMR and decreased with an ensiling time of 21 days, ranging from 6.0 to 6.1 after ensiling. Ensiling time did not affect ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration (P &gt; 0.05) among dietary treatments which ranged from 21.2 to 24.0 mg%. FTMR ensiled for 21 days had the highest in in vitro dry matter digestibility, an in vitro neutral detergent fibre and in vitro acid detergent fibre digestibility which were 61.0–62.5, 35.1–43.1 and 22.3–25.9% dry matter (DM) respectively. Regarding the concentration of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, ranges from 94.7 to 113.6 mmol/L, 59.3 to 67.4, 20.2 to 25.9 and 11.3 to 13.8 mol/100 mol, respectively, were observed and did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05). The concentration of total VFA relative to the sulfur level and ensiling time had no effect on ruminal VFA concentrations. However, exceedingly high percentages of sulfur (2% of the DM) in the diet tend to increase total VFA concentration. Conclusions Using of 2% sulfur supplementation in TMR containing fresh cassava root fermented could improve the kinetics of gas and nutrient digestibility while maintaining ruminal fermentation parameters and the rate of HCN disappearance. Implications These findings should be examined in further in vivo experiments in order to increase animal performance.

scholarly journals Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

It was hypothesized that the combination of glycerin and chitosan improves ruminal fermentation efficiency via an enhanced propionate (C3) and reduces in vitro CH4 production. This was explored through in vitro gas production with substrates containing crude glycerin, which replaced cassava chips in the studied ration. The experimental design was organized following a 3 × 3 factorial in completely randomized design and the arrangement of treatments were different levels of crude glycerin supplementations 0, 10.5, and 21% of total mixed ration (TMR) and chitosan levels were added at 0, 1, and 2% dry matter (DM) of substrate. Then, 0.5 g of TMR substrates were added into 40 mL bottles, together with respective doses of chitosan and then incubated at 39 °C. The dietary treatments were performed in three replicates within the incubation, and incubations were repeated on three separate days (runs). No interactions were found between crude glycerin and chitosan doses in terms of theoretical maximum of asymptotic gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), the discrete lag time prior to gas production (L), or the cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation (p > 0.05). Cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation was similar among the doses of crude glycerin and levels of chitosan, which ranged from 64.27 to 69.66 mL/g DM basis of substrate (p > 0.05). The concentration of ruminal NH3-N after 2 and 4 h of incubation ranged from 14.61 to 17.10 mg/dL and did not change with the addition of crude glycerin with chitosan (p > 0.05). The concentration of CH4 after 2 h of incubation did not change among treatments (p > 0.05), whereas after 4 h of incubation, CH4 synthesis was significantly reduced by enhancing doses of crude glycerin and chitosan (p < 0.05). The combination of 21% of crude glycerin in TMR with 2% chitosan depressed CH4 production as much as 53.67% when compared to the non-supplemented group. No significant crude glycerin and chitosan interaction effect was detected for in vitro digestibility of nutrients after incubation for 12 and 24 h using the in vitro gas production technique (p > 0.05). In addition, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in total volatile fatty acids, acetate (C2) or butyrate content among treatments and between the main effects of crude glycerin with chitosan. At 4 h of incubation, ruminal C3 content and the C2 to C3 ratio changed significantly when crude glycerin and chitosan was added (p < 0.05). The 21% crude glycerin incorporate into TMR, in combination with 2% additional chitosan, increased C3 content by 26.41%, whereas the ratio of C2 to C3 was reduced by 31% when compared to the control group. Propionate concentration increased by 11.75% when increasing levels of chitosan at 2% of substrate, whereas the C2 to C3 ratio decreased by 13.99% compared to the 0% chitosan group. The inclusion of crude glycerin at 21% in TMR diets with chitosan supplementation at 2% enhanced ruminal propionate concentration and reduced methane production without causing any detrimental effect on the gas kinetics or nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of Cassava Residue Substituting for Crushed Maize on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics of Dairy Cows at Mid-Lactation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Shenglin Xue ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Shengli Li
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
N Content ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Substitution Ratio ◽  
Cassava Residue

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using cassava residue to replace crushed maize on in vitro fermentation characteristics of dairy cows at mid-lactation and provide guidance for its utilization. The study included seven treatments with four replicates, which used 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% cassava residue to replace crushed maize (air-dried matter basis), respectively. A China-patented automated trace gas recording system was used to perform in vitro gas tests; rumen fluids were collected from three dairy cows at mid-lactation. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production (GP), pH, ammonia–N (NH3-N) and microbial protein (MCP) content were analyzed after in vitro incubating for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively; volatile fatty acid (VFA) content was analyzed after in vitro culturing for 48 h. The results showed that with the increase of substitution ratio of cassava residue, the asymptotic gas production (A) increased quadratically (p < 0.05), cumulative gas production at 48 h (GP48) and the maximum rate of substrate digestion (RmaxS) increased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05), the time at which the maximum gas production rate is reached (TRmaxG) increases linearly (p < 0.05). In addition, asymptotic gas production in 30% was significantly higher than the other treatments (p < 0.05), RmaxS in 25% and 30% were significantly higher than CON, 5% and 10% (p < 0.05). In addition, with the increase of substitution ratio of cassava residue, when in vitro cultured for 6 h and 12 h, NH3–N content decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05). NH3–N content in 30% was significantly lower than the other treatments except 20% and 25% (p < 0.05) after cultivating for 6 h. Moreover, the content of iso-butyrate, iso-valerate, valerate and total VFA (tVFA) decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05), acetate decreased quadratically (p < 0.05) with the increase of substitution ratio of cassava residue. In conclusion, when the cassava residue substitution ratio for crushed maize was 25% or less, there were no negative effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of dairy cows at mid-lactation.

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