PCBs, Thyroid Hormones, and Ototoxicity in Rats: Cross-Fostering Experiments Demonstrate the Impact of Postnatal Lactation Exposure

Abstract Litter sizes in commercial pig production have increased substantially over recent years; however, farrowing pen sizes have generally not changed over the same time period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of farrowing pen size on piglet pre-weaning growth and mortality. Differences in pen size were created by varying the width of pens of the same length, increasing the creep area available to the piglets. The study used a total of 1,786 litters in a randomized complete block design to compare two Farrowing Pen Size treatments (FPS): Standard (pen width 1.52 m) and Increased (pen width 1.68 m). Litter sizes were equalized across treatments (12.9 ± 1.95 piglets) at 24 h after birth using cross-fostering. Litter weights were collected at birth and weaning (21.3 ± 2.08 d); pre-weaning mortality was recorded. The experimental unit was the litter; models included FPS and replicate. Farrowing Pen Size had no effect (P > 0.05) on litter size at birth (12.8 and 13.0 for the Standard and Increased FPS, respectively), after cross-fostering (12.9 for both treatments), or at weaning (11.2 and 11.3, respectively). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of FPS on total litter or average piglet weight at birth, after cross-fostering, and at weaning. These results suggest no benefit in piglet performance from increasing the width of farrowing pens. As litter sizes continue to increase in commercial production, further research is warranted to re-evaluate the impact of farrowing pen size on pre-weaning mortality.

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Development of meadow voles is influenced postnatally by maternal photoperiodic history

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.4.r749 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 265 (4) ◽

pp. R749-R755 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. M. Lee

Keyword(s):

Somatic Growth ◽

Reproductive Development ◽

Meadow Vole ◽

Maternal Influence ◽

Dark Cycle ◽

Meadow Voles ◽

Photoperiod Sensitive ◽

Pup Development ◽

The Impact ◽

Cross Fostering

The importance of maternal photoperiodic history during lactation on the postnatal development of meadow vole pups was tested by cross-fostering pups on the day of birth between photorefractory females (housed for 26 wk in a 10:14-h light-dark cycle before mating) and photosensitive females (housed for 2 wk in a 10:14-h light-dark cycle before mating). Control pups were cross-fostered to females with the same photoperiodic history as the gestational dam. Somatic growth and food intake of cross-fostered pups were influenced by the photoperiod of the postnatal lactating dam. Pre- and postnatal maternal photoperiodic history interacted with the sex of the offspring to influence reproductive development. Pelage development was determined exclusively by the prenatal maternal photoperiodic history. The impact of a postnatal maternal influence on pup development of photoperiod-sensitive traits is discussed.

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Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2003471 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 529-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nahid Salarkia ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

Masood Kimiagar ◽

Fereidoun Azizi

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

World Health ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Iodised Salt ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackground:Northern rural areas of Tehran have been shown to have severe iodine deficiency in our previous studies. In 1989 the inhabitants of these villages received an injection of iodised oil, followed by iodised salt distribution in 1993. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the iodine supplementation on iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism in these villages.Methods:In total, 571 students aged 6–14 years were studied. Goitre was graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined using commercial kits, and urinary iodine was measured using a digestion method. The results were compared with data from our previous study in 1989.Results:Total goitre rate decreased by 42% in 1999 compared with that in 1989. A significant decrease in Grade 2 goitre concomitant with an increase in Grade 1 goitre was seen (P < 0.001). Values of the variables studied before (1989) and 10 years after iodine supplementation (1999) were: median urinary iodine excretion, 2.0 vs. 19.0 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T4, 6.5 ± 2.0 vs. 8.4 ± 1.6 μg dl−1 (P < 0.001); T3, 177 ± 38.0 vs. 145 ± 29.0 ng dl−1 (P < 0.001); TSH, 10.8 ± 15.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 μU ml−1 (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between thyroid hormones and TSH on the one hand, and goitre and urinary iodine, on the other. Serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were within normal ranges in all schoolchildren in 1999.Conclusion:This study showed that euthyroidism induced by administration of iodised oil in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism is sustained following the consumption of iodised salt.

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Thyroid hyperactivity with high thyroglobulin in serum despite sufficient iodine intake in chronic cold adaptation in an Arctic Inuit hunter population

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-0888 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 166 (3) ◽

pp. 433-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Stig Andersen ◽

Kent Kleinschmidt ◽

Bodil Hvingel ◽

Peter Laurberg

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Cold Exposure ◽

Cold Adaptation ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Activity ◽

East Greenland ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveAdult man hosts brown adipose tissue with the capacity to consume energy and dissipate heat. This is essential for non-shivering thermogenesis and its activation depends on sympathetic activity and thyroid hormones. This led us to evaluate the impact of chronic cold exposure on thyroid activity and thyroid hormones in serum in Arctic residents.DesignComparative, population-based study (n=535) performed in Greenland.MethodsHunters were compared with other men, and Inuit in remote settlements in East Greenland with no modern housing facilities were compared with the residents of the capital city in West Greenland and residents of a major town in East Greenland in a cross-sectional study. We used interview-based questionnaires, measured TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroglobulin (TG) antibody and TG (a measure of thyroid activity) in serum, and iodine and creatinine in spot urine samples.ResultsSerum TG was the highest among hunters (P=0.009) and settlement dwellers (P=0.001), who were most markedly exposed to cold, even though they had the highest urinary iodine excretion (hunters,P<0.001; settlement dwellers,P<0.001). Hunters and settlement dwellers also had the lowest fT3(hunters,P<0.001; settlement dwellers,P<0.001) after adjusting for gender, age, smoking habits, alcohol intake and iodine excretion in multivariate linear regression models. TSH was not influenced by measures of cold exposure (hunter,P=0.36; residence,P=0.91).ConclusionsCold exposure influenced thyroid hormones and TG in serum in Arctic populations consistent with consumption of thyroid hormone and higher thyroid hormone turnover. Findings emphasise that changes in thyroid activity are essential in cold adaptation in Arctic residents.

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Clinical Investigation on the Impact of Cannabis Abuse on Thyroid Hormones and Associated Psychiatric Manifestations in the Male Population

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730388 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Anum Muzaffar ◽

Sami Ullah ◽

Fazal Subhan ◽

Zahid Nazar ◽

Syed Mehdi Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Cardiovascular Parameters ◽

Manic Symptoms ◽

Cannabis Abuse ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Healthy Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Development Of Tolerance

Cannabis abuse is a common public health issue and may lead to considerable adverse effects. Along with other effects, the dependence on cannabis consumption is a serious problem which has significant consequences on biochemical and clinical symptoms. This study intends to evaluate the harmful effects of the use of cannabis on thyroid hormonal levels, cardiovascular indicators, and psychotic symptoms in the included patients. This prospective multicenter study was conducted on cannabis-dependent patients with psychotic symptoms (n = 40) vs. healthy control subjects (n = 40). All participants were evaluated for psychiatric, biochemical, and cardiovascular physiological effects. Patients were selected through Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria and urine samples, exclusively for the evaluation of cannabis presence. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T3, and T4 levels were measured using the immunoassay technique. Patients were assessed for severity of depressive, schizophrenic, and manic symptoms using international ranking scales. Various quantifiable factors were also measured for the development of tolerance by cannabis. Among the patients of cannabis abuse, 47.5% were found with schizophrenia, 20% with schizoaffective symptoms, 10% with manic symptoms, and 22.5% with both manic and psychotic symptoms. In the group–group and within-group statistical analysis, the results of thyroid hormones and cardiovascular parameters were non-significant. The psychiatric assessment has shown highly significant (p < 0.001) difference of positive, negative, general psychopathology, and total scores [through Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) rating scales] in patients vs. the healthy control subjects. The study revealed that cannabis abuse did not significantly alter thyroid hormones and cardiovascular parameters due to the development of tolerance. However, the cannabis abuse might have a significant contributing role in the positive, negative, and manic symptoms in different psychiatric disorders.

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The impact of thyroid hormones on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0181878 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. e0181878 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Matthias Pinter ◽

Lukas Haupt ◽

Florian Hucke ◽

Simona Bota ◽

Theresa Bucsics ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

The Impact

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B-type natriuretic peptide increases cortisol and catecholamine concentrations in healthy subjects

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00360.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 1249-1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gabriele Grimm ◽

Michael Resl ◽

Birgit B. Heinisch ◽

Martin Hülsmann ◽

Anton Luger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Neuroendocrine Activation ◽

The Impact

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone released by the heart in response to volume load and exerts natriuretic properties. It is clinically used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and investigated as a pharmacological agent in the therapy of heart failure. Here we investigate the changes in pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid hormones in response to BNP administration in a randomized single-blinded crossover study conducted in ten healthy men aged 21–29 yr. Participants received in two study sessions a continuous intravenous infusion during 4 h (once placebo and once 3 pmol·kg−1·min−1 BNP) and remained in supine position throughout the study. Circulating concentrations of pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid hormones, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and hourly afterwards. BNP prevented the physiological decrease in cortisol during the late morning hours leading to elevated serum cortisol levels ( P = 0.022) and increased circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations ( P = 0.018 and P = 0.036, respectively). These hormone changes were accompanied by an increase in heart rate ( P = 0.019) but no differences in blood pressure. Taken together, the impact of BNP on the endocrine system extends beyond the well-known inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and includes increased adrenergic activity and cortisol concentrations. This neuroendocrine activation might impact the outcome of therapeutical BNP administrations and should be further investigated in conditions associated with increased BNP secretion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The heart hormone B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in patients with heart failure, where it is thought to have beneficial effects by reducing the preload. Here we report that intravenous administration of BNP in men leads to increases in adrenal hormones cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Cortisol and catecholamine levels are independent predictors of increased cardiovascular mortality risk; therefore, drugs targeting the BNP system should be evaluated regarding their effects on the neuroendocrine activation accompanying heart failure.

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Prenatal thyroid hormones accelerate postnatal growth and telomere shortening in wild great tits

10.1101/2021.12.22.473794 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bin-Yan Hsu ◽

Nina Cossin-Sevrin ◽

Antoine Stier ◽

Suvi Ruuskanen

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Early Life ◽

Later Life ◽

Delayed Effect ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Term Survival ◽

Telomere Shortening ◽

The Impact

Early-life environment is known to affect later-life health and disease, which could be mediated by the early-life programming of telomere length, a key hallmark of ageing. According to the fetal programming of telomere biology hypothesis, variation in prenatal exposure to hormones is likely to influence telomere length. Yet the contribution of key metabolic hormones, i.e. thyroid hormones (THs), has been largely ignored. We recently showed that in contrast to predictions, exposure to elevated prenatal THs increased postnatal telomere length in wild collared flycatchers, but the generality of such effect, its underlying proximate mechanisms and consequences on survival have not been investigated. We therefore conducted a comprehensive study evaluating the impact of THs on potential drivers of telomere dynamics (growth, post-natal THs, mitochondria and oxidative stress), telomere length and medium-term survival using wild great tits as a model system. While prenatal THs did not significantly affect telomere length after hatching (i.e. day 7), they influenced postnatal telomere shortening (i.e. shorter telomeres at day 14 and the following winter) but not apparent survival. Circulating THs, mitochondrial density or oxidative stress biomarkers were not significantly influenced, whereas TH-supplemented group showed accelerated growth, which may explain the observed delayed effect on telomeres. We discuss several alternative hypotheses that may explain the contrast with our previous findings in flycatchers. Given that shorter telomeres in early life tend to be carried until adulthood and are often associated with decreased survival prospects, the effects of prenatal THs on telomeres may have long-lasting effects on senescence.

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Vps34/PIK3C3 deletion in thyroid impairs thyroid hormonogenesis and autophagic flux

10.1101/580142 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Giuseppina Grieco ◽

Tongsong Wang ◽

Ophélie Delcorte ◽

Virginie Janssens ◽

Catherine Spourquet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Apical Membrane ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Autophagic Flux ◽

Hormone Synthesis ◽

Final Destination ◽

Proximal Tubular ◽

Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells ◽

Main Component ◽

The Impact

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe production of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) depends on thyroid organization in follicles, lined by a monolayer of thyrocytes with strict apico-basal polarity. Polarization supports vectorial transport of thyroglobulin for storage into, and recapture from, the colloid. It also allows selective addressing of channels, transporters, pumps and enzymes to their appropriate basolateral (NIS and Na+/K+-ATPase) or apical membrane domain (pendrin, anoctamin, DUOX2, DUOXA2 and TPO). How these actors of T3/T4synthesis reach their final destination remains poorly understood. Vps34/PIK3C3 is now recognized as a main component in the general control of vesicular trafficking and of cell homeostasis via autophagy. We recently reported that conditional Vps34 inactivation in kidney proximal tubular cells by Pax8-driven excision prevents normal addressing of apical membrane proteins and causes abortive macroautophagy.METHODSVps34 was inactivated using a Pax8-driven Cre recombinase system. The impact of Vps34 inactivation in thyrocytes was analyzed by histological, immunolocalization and mRNA expression profiling. Thyroid hormone synthesis was assayed by125I injection and by serum plasma analysis.RESULTSVps34cKOmice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and showed normal growth until postnatal day 14, then stopped growing and died at around 1 month of age. We therefore analyzed thyroid Vps34cKObefore postnatal day 14. We found that loss of Vps34 in thyrocytes causes: (i) disorganization of thyroid parenchyma with abnormal thyrocyte and follicular shape and reduced PAS+colloidal spaces; (ii) impaired125I organification at comparable uptake and frequent occurrence of follicles with luminal thyroglobulin but non-detectable T4-bearing thyroglobulin; (iii) severe non-compensated hypothyroidism with extremely low T4levels (<0.25 ± 1.5 μg/dL) and huge TSH plasma levels (19,300 ± 10,500 mU/L); (iv) intense signal in thyrocytes for the lysosomal membrane marker, LAMP-1, as well as thyroglobulin and the autophagy marker, p62, indicating defective proteolysis.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that Vps34 is crucial for thyroid hormonogenesis, at least by controlling delivery of apical actors responsible for biogenesis of thyroid hormones on Tg as well as defective proteolytic T3/T4excision in lysosomes.

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Maternal hypothyroidism in mice influences glucose metabolism in adult offspring

10.1101/785030 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yasmine Kemkem ◽

Daniela Nasteska ◽

Anne De Bray ◽

Paula Bargi-Souza ◽

Rodrigo A. Peliciari-Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Beta Cell ◽

Endocrine Pancreas ◽

Adult Offspring ◽

Altered Glucose ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTDuring pregnancy, maternal metabolic diseases and hormonal imbalance may alter fetal beta cell development and/or proliferation, thus leading to an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Although thyroid hormones play an important role in fetal endocrine pancreas development, the impact of maternal hypothyroidism on glucose homeostasis in adult offsprings remains poorly understood. Here, we show that when fed normal chow, adult mice born to hypothyroid mothers were more glucose-tolerant due to beta cell hyperproliferation and increased insulin sensitivity. However, following high fat feeding, these offsprings became profoundly hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant and glucose-intolerant compared to controls from euthyroid mothers. Suggesting presence of epigenetic changes, altered glucose metabolism was maintained in a second generation of animals. As such, gestational hypothyroidism induces long-term and persistent alterations in endocrine pancreas function, which may have important implications for type 2 diabetes prevention in affected individuals.SIGNIFICANCEDiabetes and hypothyroidism are two major public health issues, affecting ∼ 9 and 2 % of the population worldwide, respectively. As master metabolic gatekeepers, the thyroid hormones play an essential role in metabolism and fetal development. However, gestation increases demand on the thyroid axis in the mother, leading to hypothyroidism in 0.5 % of pregnancies. Maternal hypothyroidism is associated with deficits in fetal growth that may lead to long-term alterations in metabolism in the offspring. We therefore sought to investigate the effects of gestational hypothyroidism on glucose metabolism in adult offspring and their descendants, and how this may predispose to diabetes development.

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