scholarly journals Identification of early and late flowering time candidate genes in endodormant and ecodormant almond flower buds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela S Prudencio ◽  
Frank A Hoeberichts ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Gómez ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Chilling Requirements

Abstract Flower bud dormancy in temperate fruit tree species, like almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb], is a survival mechanism that ensures flowering will occur under suitable weather conditions for successful flower development, pollination and fruit set. Dormancy is divided into three sequential phases: paradormancy, endodormancy and ecodormancy. During the winter, buds need cultivar-specific chilling requirements to overcome endodormancy and heat requirements to activate the machinery to flower in the ecodormancy phase. One of the main factors that enables the transition from endodormancy to ecodormancy is transcriptome reprogramming. In this work, we therefore monitored three almond cultivars with different chilling requirements and flowering times by RNA sequencing during the endodormancy release of flower buds and validated the data by qRT-PCR in two consecutive seasons. We were thus able to identify early and late flowering time candidate genes in endodormant and ecodormant almond flower buds associated with metabolic switches, transmembrane transport, cell wall remodeling, phytohormone signaling and pollen development. These candidate genes were indeed involved in the overcoming of the endodormancy in almond. This information may be used for the development of dormancy molecular markers, increasing the efficiency of temperate fruit tree breeding programs in a climate-change context.

scholarly journals Monitoring Dormancy Transition in Almond [Prunus Dulcis (Miller) Webb] during Cold and Warm Mediterranean Seasons through the Analysis of a DAM (Dormancy-Associated MADS-Box) Gene

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela Prudencio ◽  
Federico Dicenta ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Japanese Apricot ◽  
Chilling Requirements

For fruit tree (Prunus) species, flower bud dormancy completion determines the quality of bud break and the flowering time. In the present climate change and global warming context, the relationship between dormancy and flowering processes is a fundamental goal in molecular biology of these species. In almond [P. dulcis (Miller) Webb], flowering time is a trait of great interest in the development of new cultivars adapted to different climatic areas. Late flowering is related to a long dormancy period due to high chilling requirements of the cultivar. It is considered a quantitative and highly heritable character but a dominant gene (Late bloom, Lb) was also described. A major QTL (quantitative trait loci) in the linkage group (LG) 4 was associated with Lb, together with other three QTLs in LG1 and LG7. In addition, DAM (Dormancy-Associated MADS-Box) genes located in LG1 have been largely described as a gene family involved in bud dormancy in different Prunus species including peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] and Japanese apricot (P. mume Sieb. et Zucc.). In this work, a DAM transcript was cloned and its expression was analysed by qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) in almond flower buds during the dormancy release. For this purpose two almond cultivars (‘Desmayo Largueta’ and ‘Penta’) with different chilling requirements and flowering time were used, and the study was performed along two years. The complete coding sequence, designated PdDAM6 (Prunus dulcis DAM6), was subjected to a phylogenetic analysis with homologous sequences from other Prunus species. Finally, expression dynamics analysed by using qPCR showed a continuous decrease in transcript levels for both cultivars and years during the period analysed. Monitoring almond flower bud dormancy through DAM expression should be used to improve almond production in different climate conditions.

scholarly journals Dead Prunus Flower-bud Primordia Retain Deep-supercooling Properties

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 831-832
Author(s):  
Sorkel A. Kadir ◽  
Ed L. Proebsting
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Primordia ◽  
Deep Supercooling

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to measure deep supercooling in flower buds of Prunus dulcis Mill., P. armeniaca L., P. davidiana (Carr.) Franch, P. persica (L.) Batsch, three sweet cherry (P. avium L.) selections, and `Bing' cherries (P. avium L.) during Winter 1990-91 and 1991-92. Low temperatures in Dec. 1990 killed many flower buds. After the freeze, dead flower primordia continued to produce low-temperature exotherms (LTEs) at temperatures near those of living primordia for >2 weeks. In Feb. 1992, cherry buds that had been killed by cooling to -33C again produced LTEs when refrozen the next day. As buds swelled, the median LTE (LTE50) of dead buds increased relative to that of living buds, and the number of dead buds that produced LTEs decreased. LTE artifacts from dead flower priimordia must be recognized when DTA is used to estimate LTE50 of field-collected samples.

scholarly journals Characterization of genes and alleles involved in the control of flowering time in grapevine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Kamal ◽  
Iris Ochßner ◽  
Anna Schwandner ◽  
Prisca Viehöver ◽  
Ludger Hausmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Late Flowering

AbstractGrapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most important perennial crop plants in worldwide. Understanding of developmental processes like flowering, which impact quality and quantity of yield in this species is therefore of high interest. This gets even more important when considering some of the expected consequences of climate change. Earlier bud burst and flowering, for example, may result in yield loss due to spring frost. Berry ripening under higher temperatures will impact wine quality. Knowledge of interactions between a genotype or allele combination and the environment can be used for the breeding of genotypes that are better adapted to new climatic conditions. To this end, we have generated a list of more than 500 candidate genes that may play a role in the timing of flowering. The grapevine genome was exploited for flowering time control gene homologs on the basis of functional data from model organisms likeA. thaliana. In a previous study, a mapping population derived from early flowering GF.GA-47-42 and late flowering ‘Villard Blanc’ was analyzed for flowering time QTLs. In a second step we have now established a workflow combining amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics to follow alleles of selected candidate genes in the F1individuals and the parental genotypes. Allele combinations of these genes in individuals of the mapping population were correlated with early or late flowering phenotypes. Specific allele combinations of flowering time candidate genes within and outside of the QTL regions for flowering time on chromosome 1, 4, 14, 17, and 18 were found to be associated with an early flowering phenotype. In addition, expression of many of the flowering candidate genes was analyzed over consecutive stages of bud and inflorescence development indicating functional roles of these genes in the flowering control network.

scholarly journals GWAS unveils features between early- and late-flowering pearl millets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumar Diack ◽  
Ghislain Kanfany ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Ousmane Sy ◽  
Amadou Fofana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Late Flowering

Abstract Background: Pearl millet, a dietary food for around 100 million people in Africa and in India, has a large diversity due to an extensive genetic diversity combined with a high degree of admixture with wild relatives. In Senegal, two major morphotypes are distinguished: early-flowering and late-flowering millets. The phenotypic variabilities according to the flowering time plays an important role in pearl millet adaptation to climate variability. A better understanding of the genetic makeup of these variabilities would allow breeding of pearl millet fitting different climatic areas. In this study, we aimed to characterize the genetic basis of these phenotypic differences. Results: We defined a core collection capturing most of the diversity of cultivated pearl millet of Senegal, which includes 60 early-flowering Souna and 31 late-flowering Sanio. This panel was evaluated during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at Nioro for 16 agro-morphological traits. Phenological and phenotypic traits linked with yield, flowering time, and biomass helped differentiated early- and late-flowering millets. Further, using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), 21,663 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies of more than 5% were identified. Sparse Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (sNMF) analysis confirms the genetic structure in two gene pools associated with flowering time differences. Moreover, two chromosomal regions on linkage groups (LG 3) (~89.7Mb) and (LG 6) (~68.1Mb) differentiated the early-flowering into two clusters. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to associate phenotypic variation to the SNPs and 18 genes were linked to flowering time, plant height, nodal tiller number, and biomass (P-value ˂ 2.3E-06). Conclusions: The diversity of early- and late-flowering pearl millet landraces of Senegal was captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenology and phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying flowering time, tillering, biomass and plant height of pearl millet were identified. Chromosome rearrangements in LG3 and LG6 were implicated as a source of variation in early-flowering morphotypes. Using candidate genes underlying these features between pearl millet morphotypes would have paramount importance in breeding strategies under climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals GWAS unveils features between early- and late-flowering pearl millets

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumar Diack ◽  
Ghislain Kanfany ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Ousmane Sy ◽  
Amadou Fofana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Background Pearl millet, a nutritious food for around 100 million people in Africa and India, displays extensive genetic diversity and a high degree of admixture with wild relatives. Two major morphotypes can be distinguished in Senegal: early-flowering Souna and late-flowering Sanio. Phenotypic variabilities related to flowering time play an important role in the adaptation of pearl millet to climate variability. A better understanding of the genetic makeup of these variabilities would make it possible to breed pearl millet to suit regions with different climates. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic basis of these phenotypic differences. Results We defined a core collection that captures most of the diversity of cultivated pearl millets in Senegal and includes 60 early-flowering Souna and 31 late-flowering Sanio morphotypes. Sixteen agro-morphological traits were evaluated in the panel in the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. Phenological and phenotypic traits related with yield, flowering time, and biomass helped differentiate early- and late-flowering morphotypes. Further, using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), 21,663 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers with more than 5% of minor allele frequencies were discovered. Sparse non-negative matrix factorization (sNMF) analysis confirmed the genetic structure in two gene pools associated with differences in flowering time. Two chromosomal regions on linkage groups (LG 3) (~ 89.7 Mb) and (LG 6) (~ 68.1 Mb) differentiated two clusters among the early-flowering Souna. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to link phenotypic variation to the SNPs, and 18 genes were linked to flowering time, plant height, tillering, and biomass (P-value < 2.3E-06). Conclusions The diversity of early- and late-flowering pearl millet morphotypes in Senegal was captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenological and phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying flowering time, tillering, biomass yield and plant height of pearl millet were identified. Chromosome rearrangements in LG3 and LG6 were inferred as a source of variation in early-flowering morphotypes. Using candidate genes underlying these features between pearl millet morphotypes will be of paramount importance in breeding for resilience to climatic variability.

scholarly journals Various Freezing Strategies of Flower-bud Hardiness in Prunus

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorkel A. Kadir ◽  
Edward L. Proebsting
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Prunus Salicina ◽  
Moderate Rate ◽  
Large Flower ◽  
Prunus Davidiana

Flower buds of 20 Prunus species showed quite different strategies to cope with low temperatures. Buds of most species deep supercooled. The two hardiest species, both from the subgenus Padus (P. padus L. and P. virginiana L.), did not supercool and survived -33C with no bud kill. Prunus serotina J.F. Ehrh., also in Padus, did supercool. Prunus nigra Ait., P. americana Marsh, P. fruticosa Pall., and P. besseyi L.H. Bailey had a low minimum hardiness level (MHL), small buds, and a low water content. Exotherms were no longer detectable from the buds of these species after 2 days at -7C and some buds survived -33C. Prunus triloba Lindl. and P. japonica Thunb. were similar to that group, but no buds survived -33C. Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch., P. avium L., and P. domestica L. had a relatively high MHL but hardened rapidly when the buds were frozen. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., P. subhirtella Miq., P. dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb, and P. emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook) Walp. deep supercooled, had large flower buds and a high MHL, and were killed in the Dec. 1990 freeze. Prunus salicina Lindl., P. hortulana L.H. Bailey, P. armeniaca L., and P. tomentosa Thunb. were in an intermediate group with a moderately low MHL and a moderate rate of hardiness increase while frozen. Prunus dulcis and P. davidiana had a low chilling requirement and bloomed early, whereas P. virginiana, P. fruticosa, P. nigra, and P. domestica had high chilling requirements and bloomed late.

scholarly journals GWAS unveils features between early- and late-flowering pearl millets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumar Diack ◽  
Ghislain Kanfany ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Ousmane Sy ◽  
Amadou Fofana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Late Flowering

Abstract Background Pearl millet, a dietary food for around 100 million people in Africa and in India, has a large diversity due to an extensive genetic diversity combined with a high degree of admixture with wild relatives. In Senegal, two major morphotypes are distinguished: early-flowering and late-flowering millets. The phenotypic variabilities according to the flowering time plays an important role in pearl millet adaptation to climate variability. A better understanding of the genetic makeup of these variabilities would allow breeding of pearl millet fitting different climatic areas. In this study, we aimed to characterize the genetic basis of these phenotypic differences. Results We defined a core collection capturing most of the diversity of cultivated pearl millet of Senegal, which includes 60 early-flowering Souna and 31 late-flowering Sanio. This panel was evaluated during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at Nioro for 16 agro-morphological traits. Phenological and phenotypes traits linked with yield, flowering time, and biomass helped differentiated early- and late-flowering millets. Further, using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), 21,663 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies of more than 5% were identified. Sparse Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (sNMF) analysis confirms the genetic structure in 2 gene pools associated with flowering time differences. Moreover, 2 chromosomal regions on linkage groups 3 (~ 89.7 Mb) and 6 (~ 68.1 Mb) differentiated the early-flowering into 2 clusters. Genome-wide analysis study (GWAS) was used to associate phenotypic variation to the SNPs and 18 genes were linked to flowering time, plant height, nodal tiller number, and biomass (P-value ˂ 2.3E-06). Conclusions The diversity of early- and late-flowering pearl millet landraces of Senegal was captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenology and phenotypic traits, SNPs, ad candidate genes underlying flowering time, tillering, biomass and plant height of pearl millet were identified. Chromosome rearrangements in LG 3 and 6 were implicated as a source of variation in early-flowering morphotypes. Using candidate genes underlying these features between pearl millet morphotypes would have paramount importance in breeding strategies under climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals GWAS unveils features between early- and late-flowering pearl millets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumar Diack ◽  
Ghislain Kanfany ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Ousmane Sy ◽  
Amadou Fofana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Background: Pearl millet, a nutritious food for around 100 million people in Africa and India, displays extensive genetic diversity and a high degree of admixture with wild relatives. Two major morphotypes can be distinguished in Senegal: early-flowering Souna and late-flowering Sanio. Phenotypic variabilities related to flowering time play an important role in the adaptation of pearl millet to climate variability. A better understanding of the genetic makeup of these variabilities would make it possible to breed pearl millet to suit regions with different climates. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic basis of these phenotypic differences.Results: We defined a core collection that captures most of the diversity of cultivated pearl millets in Senegal and includes 60 early-flowering Souna and 31 late-flowering Sanio morphotypes. Sixteen agro-morphological traits were evaluated in the panel in the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. Phenological and phenotypic traits related with yield, flowering time, and biomass helped differentiate early- and late-flowering morphotypes. Further, using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), 21,663 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers with more than 5% of minor allele frequencies were discovered. Sparse non-negative matrix factorization (sNMF) analysis confirmed the genetic structure in two gene pools associated with differences in flowering time. Two chromosomal regions on linkage groups (LG 3) (~89.7Mb) and (LG 6) (~68.1Mb) differentiated two clusters among the early-flowering Souna. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to link phenotypic variation to the SNPs, and 18 genes were linked to flowering time, plant height, tillering, and biomass (P-value ˂ 2.3E-06).Conclusions: The diversity of early- and late-flowering pearl millet morphotypes in Senegal was captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenological and phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying flowering time, tillering, biomass yield and plant height of pearl millet were identified. Chromosome rearrangements in LG3 and LG6 were inferred as a source of variation in early-flowering morphotypes. Using candidate genes underlying these features between pearl millet morphotypes will be of paramount importance in breeding for resilience to climatic variability.

scholarly journals GWAS unveils features between early- and late-flowering pearl millets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumar Diack ◽  
Ghislain Kanfany ◽  
Mame Codou Gueye ◽  
Ousmane Sy ◽  
Amadou Fofana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Background: Pearl millet, a nutritious food for around 100 million people in Africa and India, displays extensive genetic diversity and a high degree of admixture with wild relatives. Two major morphotypes can be distinguished in Senegal: early-flowering Souna and late-flowering Sanio. Phenotypic variabilities related to flowering time play an important role in the adaptation of pearl millet to climate variability. A better understanding of the genetic makeup of these variabilities would make it possible to breed pearl millet to suit regions with different climates. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic basis of these phenotypic differences.Results: We defined a core collection that captures most of the diversity of cultivated pearl millets in Senegal and includes 60 early-flowering Souna and 31 late-flowering Sanio morphotypes. Sixteen agro-morphological traits were evaluated in the panel in the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. Phenological and phenotypic traits related with yield, flowering time, and biomass helped differentiate early- and late-flowering morphotypes. Further, using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), 21,663 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers with more than 5% of minor allele frequencies were discovered. Sparse non-negative matrix factorization (sNMF) analysis confirmed the genetic structure in two gene pools associated with differences in flowering time. Two chromosomal regions on linkage groups (LG 3) (~89.7Mb) and (LG 6) (~68.1Mb) differentiated two clusters among the early-flowering Souna. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to link phenotypic variation to the SNPs, and 18 genes were linked to flowering time, plant height, tillering, and biomass (P-value ˂ 2.3E-06).Conclusions: The diversity of early- and late-flowering pearl millet morphotypes in Senegal was captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenological and phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying flowering time, tillering, biomass yield and plant height of pearl millet were identified. Chromosome rearrangements in LG3 and LG6 were inferred as a source of variation in early-flowering morphotypes. Using candidate genes underlying these features between pearl millet morphotypes will be of paramount importance in breeding for resilience to climatic variability.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document