Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

Cyclamen Flower Development in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447e-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Commercially plug-produced Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots 15 weeks from seeding and placed at 16 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length throughout the study. Three weeks from transplant, the plants were placed at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. At the time of temperature change, flower buds were first visible. Time to first open flower decreased with increasing temperature to 20 °C. On average, the cyclamens grown at 20 °C required 60 ± 4.5 days from transplant (165 days from seeding) to first open flower. There was no difference in rate of flowering for the plants grown at 16 or 24 °C (74 ± 9.5 days from transplant). Cyclamens grown at 12 °C required on average 28 more days and cyclamens grown at 8 °C, 45 more days to first open flower compared to plants grown at 20 °C. There was no difference in number of leaves per plant (55 ± 14.4). However, the plants grown at 24 °C had significantly larger leaves and total leaf area per plant (1060 ± 235 cm2) than plants in the other temperature treatments (585 ± 104 cm2). The number of flowers and buds per plant was 45 ± 10.6 for plants grown at 16, 20 or 24 °C. Significantly less flowers and buds were produced by plants grown at 12 °C (34 ± 7.9) or 8 °C (17 ± 3.7).

scholarly journals Control of Ranunculus asiaticus Flowering by Photoperiod and Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 680f-681
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ranunculus Asiaticus ◽  
Growth Chambers

Three-month-old plants of Ranunculus asiaticus L. `Bloomingdale Mix' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 12, 16, or 20°C and 8, 12, or 16 hours day length. The irradiance was 12 mol·d–1·m–2. The fastest appearance of flower buds and flowering occurred for plants grown at 16 hours day length and 16°C or 12 hours day length and 20°C. At 16°C, plants grown at 8 hours photoperiod required 7–10 more days to reach the stage of visible flower bud than those plants grown at 12 or 16 hours day length. The number of days to flower from the initiation of experimental conditions varied from 53 ± 3.7 days (168 days from seeding) for plants at 16-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 20°C to 74 ± 2.7 days (189 days from seeding) for plants at 8-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 12°C. Largest number of buds and flowers (15 ± 2.2 flower buds) was observed on plants grown at 12 or 16°C and 12-hour photoperiod. Conditions with 8- or 16-hour days at 16°C or 12-hour days at 20°C resulted in a smaller number of buds and flowers (9 ± 3.2 flower buds).

scholarly journals Temperature Affects Leaf Unfolding Rate and Flowering of Cyclamen

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Flower

The rate of leaf unfolding for Cyclamen persicum Mill. was determined at 8 to 24 °C. Temperature treatments started 9 weeks from seeding and after 8 weeks all plants were moved to 16 °C. The cultivars Miracle Salmon, Miracle Scarlet, and Miracle White produced leaves at a similar rate. The relationship of (leaves/d) = - 0.01727 - 0.02284 * °C + 0.005238 * (°C)2 - 0.000162 * (°C)3 (R2 = 0.99) best described the leaf unfolding rate in response to temperature. The maximum leaf unfolding rate was estimated to 0.329 leaves/day at 19.1 °C. Flower buds (2 mm diameter) developed within 60 days from the start of temperature treatments except at 8 °C. Thirty-five additional days at 16 °C were required for cyclamen initially grown at 8 °C for 8 weeks to produce flower buds. Despite similar conditions during bud development, flowering was delayed 14 to 18 days for plants initially grown at 24 °C compared to those grown at 12 to 20 °C. Plants initially at 8 °C did not flower within 70 days at 16 °C. Leaf and flower numbers at first open flower increased as initial temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C while dry weight and height only increased to 20 °C. No correlation between leaf unfolding and rate of flowering or flower number was detected. Recommendations for 20 °C during early cyclamen growth can be expected to support rapid rates of leaf unfolding and development, and large flower numbers.

scholarly journals Flowering Response of Anemone coronaria to Photoperiod and Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466B-466
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Flower Stem ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Mona Lisa

Eight-week-old plants of Anemone coronaria L. `Mona Lisa Series' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 12, 16, or 20°C and 8, 12 or 16 hr of day length. The irradiance was 12 mol/day per m2. Following the exposure to treatment conditions for 8 weeks, the plants developed in a greenhouse at 16°C and 16 hr of 10-12 mol/day per m2. The fastest appearance of flower buds and flowering were observed for plants grown at 16 hr of day length and 16°C (77 ± 5.4 days from transplant, 133 days from seeding). However, the rate of development was not significantly different from the plants at 12°C and 12 hr of day length (81 ± 3.6 days). Flowering at 20°C required significantly more time at an average 93 ± 9.9 days from transplant. Leaf number at flowering increased with temperature from 9 1.5 leaves at 12°C to 12 ± 3.4 leaves at 16°C and 15 ± 3.4 leaves at 20°C. Flower stem length was significantly longer for plants grown at 12°C or 16 hr of day length (32 ± 0.5 cm) than plants grown at any of the other conditions (26 ± 0.5 cm). The average flower size (length of the petals) was 3.8 ± 0.6 cm for all plants in the study.

THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Hall ◽  
R. A. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

A study of the effect of environmental factors on the growth and development of the lowbush blueberry was carried out using clonally propagated plants. In a preliminary study a definite photoperiodic response was found. Under 8-hour days flower buds were formed and no vegetative growth occurred. Under 16-hour days vegetative growth resulted and no flower bud formation occurred. In a replicated greenhouse experiment, seven clones produced flower buds with 8-, 10-, and 12-hour days, but produced none with 14- or 16-hour days. One clone produced flower buds with 8-, 10,- 12-, and 14-, but none with 16-hour days. Two clones were able to produce flower buds under all five photoperiods. Under 8- and 10- hour photoperiods no vegetative growth occurred. Under 12, 14, and 16 hours progressively more vegetative growth occurred. In an experiment on the interaction of temperature and photoperiod, vegetative growth was significantly greater at 70° F than at 50° F with the differences being accentuated by day length. Flower bud formation occurred with 11- and 13-hour photoperiods regardless of temperature, but was more pronounced at the higher temperatures. At 70° F, 15-hour photoperiod, no flower buds were formed while at 50° F, 15 hours, three clones produced no flower buds and six clones produced an abnormal type of inflorescence. Similar abnormal inflorescences were produced by giving plants 2, 3, or 4 weeks of 8-hour days. Six weeks of 8-hour days was sufficient to initiate normal inflorescences. Shade, provided by two layers of cheesecloth, significantly reduced the number of flower buds compared with full sunlight. The growth of the lowbush blueberry under field and laboratory conditions is discussed in relation to environmental factors.

scholarly journals Growth of Cyclamen as Affected by Day and Night Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466G-467
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Positive Difference ◽  
Significant Difference

The growth of Cyclamen persicum Mill. `Laser Scarlet' and `Sierra Scarlet' was evaluated for plants grown at day/night temperature differences of +9, +3, 0, –3 or –9°C. The day temperature was maintained for the duration of the 16-hr photoperiod and the day and night temperatures were selected to provide an average daily temperature of 16°C. The plants were grown at the specific temperatures starting 15 weeks from seeding until flowering. Total daily irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2. There was no significant difference in time to flower for plants of `Laser' (115 10.3 days from transplant). Flower buds appeared earlier above the foliage for `Sierra' plants grown at negative differences of 3 or 9°C (113 11.4 days) compared to plants grown at constant 16C (124 9.7 days). At flowering, plants grown with a positive difference of 9°C were significantly taller (22 1.9 cm for `Laser' and 24 2.0 cm for `Sierra') than the plants at 16C (19 1.9 cm for `Laser' and 21 2.1 cm for `Sierra'). Plants of `Laser' grown at +3C difference were also taller (21 2.1 cm) than the control plants at 16°C. Plant dry weight was larger for plants of both `Laser' and `Sierra' grown with +9°C. There were no differences in flower number or flower size among plants within each cultivar grown at the different temperature conditions.

scholarly journals 260 Temperature Change during Development Affects Flowering in Cyclamen persicum

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 436B-436
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Similar Time

Cyclamen persicum (`Miracle Deep Salmon') was grown at 16 or 20 °C starting at transplant (70 d from seeding). Plants were maintained at the initial temperature of 16 or 20 °C for 3, 6, 9 weeks, or until flowering. Plant development was faster at 20 than 16 °C. Average time at 20 °C was 42 d to color appearance in the flower buds and 68 d to first open flower. At 16 °C, the average time was 58 d to flower bud color and 84 d for first open flower. Plants at 3 weeks of 16 °C flowered at a similar time as plants grown at 20 °C for 9 weeks or throughout. Three initial weeks at 20 °C resulted in similar time to flower as 16 °C throughout although flower color was recorded 9 d earlier for the plants initially at 20 °C. Time between flower bud color and open flowers averaged 26 d at both 16 and 20 °C. Significantly slower development from flower bud color to open flower was recorded with 3 or 6 initial weeks at 20 °C followed by 16 °C.

scholarly journals 444 Forcing Requirements of Seed-propagated Easter Lilies

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 470C-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hybrid Treatment ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Bud Initiation

Seed-propagated lilies have the potential to revolutionize Easter lily production, eliminating clonal disease transmission, costly production and shipping. Five F1 interspecific hybrids, Lilium × formolongo (L. longiflorum × L. formosanum), were evaluated to establish an initial forcing schedule. The hybrids included `Raizan Herald', `Augusta F1', `Raizan No. 1', `Raizan No. 2', and `Raizan No. 3'. Two hundred seeds/hybrid were sown in early July in plug trays. Ten weeks after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into 3-inch pots. At the 20-week stage, the seedlings were repotted into 6-inch standard pots for the final production phase. All hybrids had low germination rates (<20%). Hybrids were grown under two photoperiod treatments (short, long days) at 21 °C with n = 10 reps/hybrid/treatment. Plants were evaluated for no. days to visible bud, leaf unfolding rate, final plant height, leaf number, bud count, flowering dates, and the no. of shoots/bulb. Ten weeks after sowing, hybrids had one to four leaves/plant. At 20 weeks, the leaf number had increased to as many as 40. Despite the lack of a cold treatment, most hybrids initiated flower buds. Visible bud date occurred as early as 20 weeks after sowing. Photoperiod had no effect on leaf number, stem height, and flower bud initiation. Plant height exceeded 15 inches by week 16 in most hybrids, indicating the need for plant growth regulator applications. The next steps in product development for seed-propagated Easter lilies will be outlined.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of RNA-Seq Studies Reveals Genes With Dominant Functions During Flower Bud Endo- To Eco-Dormancy Transition in Prunus Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Canton ◽  
Cristian Forestan ◽  
Claudio Bonghi ◽  
Serena Varotto
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud

Abstract In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.

scholarly journals Interaction of environment conditions and genotypes on expression of genetic background in micro-phenophases of strawberry mixed flower bud

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Selamovska ◽  
Suzana Kratovalieva ◽  
Katerina Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Sum Of Effective Temperatures

The aim of this research is differentiation or micro-phenophases of reproductive organs on two junebearing strawberry (Fragaria x anannassa) varieties senga sengana and pocahontas, depending on climate conditions, rosettes ordering and cultivate manner (orchard mulched on black foil and orchard on bare soil). The beginning of differentiation of flower buds is genetic characteristic depending on climate conditions (insulations, day length, higher midday and night air temperatures from 1.05 till the beginning of differentiation, the sum of rainfalls from the beginning of May until the end of July), order of rosettes and cultivate manner The sum of effective temperatures over 10?C from 1st of May till the beginning of differentiation has no influence on beginning of flower buds differentiation. First morphological changes of the apical meristem were started in the first decade of August that has coincided with the day length of 14 hours and day insulations of 9.3 hours. Micro-phenophases were undergoing almost at the same time in both varieties, only the beginning at pocahontas was 2-3 days earlier. Primary rosettes differ 10-15 days earlier than the secondary rosettes. Plants that grown on black foil had 7-10 days earlier flower bud differentiation compared to those grown on bare soil.

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