Low temperature acclimation and legacy effects of summer water deficits in olive freezing resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia S Arias ◽  
Fabián G Scholz ◽  
Guillermo Goldstein ◽  
Sandra J Bucci
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Water Deficits

Abstract Low temperatures and drought are the main environmental factors affecting plant growth and productivity across most of the terrestrial biomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of water deficits before the onset of low temperatures in winter to enhance freezing resistance in olive trees. The study was carried out near the coast of Chubut, Argentina. Plants of five olive cultivars were grown out-door in pots and exposed to different water deficit treatments. We assessed leaf water relations, ice nucleation temperature (INT), cell damage (LT50), plant growth and leaf nitrogen content during summer and winter in all cultivars and across water deficit treatments. Leaf INT and LT50 decreased significantly from summer to winter within each cultivar and between treatments. We observed a trade-off between resources allocation to freezing resistance and vegetative growth, such that an improvement in resistance to sub-zero temperatures was associated to lower growth in tree height. Water deficit applied during summer increased the amount of osmotically active solutes and decreased the leaf water potentials. This type of legacy effects persists during the winter after the water deficit even when treatment was removed, because of natural rainfalls.

scholarly journals Vine water deficit : among the 3 applications of pressure chamber, stem water potential is the most sensitive indicator

OENO One ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Xavier Choné ◽  
Olivier Trégoat ◽  
Cornelis Van Leeuwen ◽  
Denis Dubourdieu
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine water status is an important factor in grape quality. High tannin and anthocyanin content in red grape berries are related to moderate vine water deficits. Hence, a simple and sensitive indicator is required to determine vine water status and especially water constraint. Pressure chamber allows a quick and easy to practice determination of water status in the vineyard. Three applications of pressure chamber are known: predawn leaf water potential (ΨB), leaf water potential (ΨF) and stem water potential (ΨT). Only ΨB and ΨF are widely used on vines. In this survey ΨB, ΨF, ΨT and transpiration flow were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in field grown vines during the growing season. In California as well as in France, stem Ψ was the most discriminating indicator for both moderate and severe water deficits. In every plot surveyed ΨT was much better correlated to leaf transpiration than ΨF. Moreover, ΨT revealed nascent water deficit earlier than ΨB did. Among the three application of pressure chamber, ΨT was the only one to indicate short term water deficit after a rainfall. Hence, ΨT appears to be a useful indicator for grapevine management in both non-irrigated and irrigated vineyards.</p>

Yield and components of seed yield of indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) subjected to transient water deficit

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Palta ◽  
Z. Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Number

The effect of transient water deficits on seed yield and components of seed yield of narrow-leafed lupin was measured in plants grown in a controlled environment under simulated field conditions. Lupins were grown in large columns of soil and transient water deficits were induced at pod set on the mainstem and first-order apical branches by withholding water for a 5-day period. Soil water content, leaf water potential, turgor pressure, and leaf conductance declined similarly during each period of transient water deficit. Differences in these parameters were apparent 2 days after water was withheld, and over the 5-day period, leaf water potential declined to −1.3 MPa and leaf conductance fell to 44% of the well-watered controls. Total dry matter per plant was reduced by the transient water deficit treatments. The reduction resulted from less accumulation of dry matter on the first, second, and third order apical branches. Leaf area on these branches was also reduced by abscission of the leaves after the water deficit was released. Seed yield per plant after each period of transient water deficit was reduced by 30–33%, relative to the well-watered controls. The reduction was largely due to a reduction in seed yield on the branches, mainly because they had fewer pods and seeds per pod. Seed dry weight and harvest index were not significantly affected by each period of transient water deficit. We conclude that differences in final seed yield between the well- watered controls and the transient water deficit treatments resulted from differences in pod number and seeds per pod. Low dry matter accumulation and reduction in leaf area on the first- and second-order apical branches under the transient water deficit were associated with the differences. Whereas the differences in pod number generated differences in the size of the reproductive sink, the differences in leaf area generated differences in the source capacity for assimilates for pod set and pod-filling.

Water deficits change dry matter partitioning and seed yield in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ French ◽  
NC Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
First Order ◽  
Severe Water Deficit

lrrigation treatments were imposed in the field on an indeterminate cultivar of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L., cv. Danja) and on a breeding line with reduced branching (75A/329) so that they experienced no water-deficits (frequently irrigated), a transient mild water-deficit or a transient severe water-deficit during early reproductive growth, or continuous severe water-deficit during reproductive growth (unirrigated). Both leaf water potential and leaf conductance declined in all treatments in which a water-deficit was imposed. Differences in leaf conductance were apparent before differences in leaf water potential: conductance declined to 40% and 30% of the frequently irrigated controls in the transient mild and severe water-deficit treatments, respectively. Leaf water potential declined to -1 - 1 MPa and -1.6 MPa, respectively, in the transient mild and severe water-deficit treatments, compared to between -0 - 65 and -0 - 95 MPa for the frequently irrigated controls. Seed yield and total dry weight were reduced in the transient severe water-deficit and unirrigated treatments, but were no different from the frequently irrigated treatment when the water-deficit was transient and mild. However both transient water-deficit treatments produced more main-stem seed yield than the frequently irrigated treatment, especially in the reduced-branching line 75A/329. The transient mild water-deficit treatment also produced more first-order apical axis yield than the frequently irrigated treatment. These yield increases were mainly due to a greater yield of seed per pod, although on the first-order apical axes there was also a tendency to set more pods. The greater seed yield per pod in the transient water-deficit treatments was due to an apparent redirection of assimilate from vegetative to reproductive growth. This was not due to a smaller reduction in reproductive growth rates than in vegetative growth rates, but to an acceleration of reproductive growth that was maintained after stress relief. The same early acceleration of reproductive growth was also observed in unirrigated treatments, but the severe stress which persisted throughout later reproductive growth reduced pod growth rates and negated the early advantage.

scholarly journals Menaquinone-mediated regulation of membrane fluidity is relevant for fitness of Listeria monocytogenes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Flegler ◽  
Vanessa Kombeitz ◽  
André Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Lower Growth

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen with the ability to grow at low temperatures down to − 0.4 °C. Maintaining cytoplasmic membrane fluidity by changing the lipid membrane composition is important during growth at low temperatures. In Listeria monocytogenes, the dominant adaptation effect is the fluidization of the membrane by shortening of fatty acid chain length. In some strains, however, an additional response is the increase in menaquinone content during growth at low temperatures. The increase of this neutral lipid leads to fluidization of the membrane and thus represents a mechanism that is complementary to the fatty acid-mediated modification of membrane fluidity. This study demonstrated that the reduction of menaquinone content for Listeria monocytogenes strains resulted in significantly lower resistance to temperature stress and lower growth rates compared to unaffected control cultures after growth at 6 °C. Menaquinone content was reduced by supplementation with aromatic amino acids, which led to a feedback inhibition of the menaquinone synthesis. Menaquinone-reduced Listeria monocytogenes strains showed reduced bacterial cell fitness. This confirmed the adaptive function of menaquinones for growth at low temperatures of this pathogen.

Sink strength of citrus rootstocks under water deficit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone F da Silva ◽  
Marcela T Miranda ◽  
Vladimir E Costa ◽  
Eduardo C Machado ◽  
Rafael V Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract Carbon allocation between source and sink organs determines plant growth and is influenced by environmental conditions. Under water deficit, plant growth is inhibited before photosynthesis and shoot growth tends to be more sensitive than root growth. However, the modulation of source-sink relationship by rootstocks remain unsolved in citrus trees under water deficit. Citrus plants grafted on Rangpur lime are drought tolerant, which may be related to a fine coordination of the source-sink relationship for maintaining root growth. Here, we followed 13C allocation and evaluated physiological responses and growth of Valencia orange trees grafted on three citrus rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin) under water deficit. As compared to plants on Swingle and Sunki rootstocks, ones grafted on Rangpur lime showed higher stomatal sensitivity to the initial variation of water availability and less accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in roots under water deficit. High 13C allocation found in Rangpur lime roots indicates this rootstock has high sink demand associated with high root growth under water deficit. Our data suggest that Rangpur lime rootstock used photoassimilates as sources of energy and carbon skeletons for growing under drought, which is likely related to increases in root respiration. Taken together, our data revealed that carbon supply by leaves and delivery to roots are critical for maintaining root growth and improving drought tolerance, with citrus rootstocks showing differential sink strength under water deficit.

De novo protein synthesis in relation to ammonia and proline accumulation in water stressed white clover

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Hwan Kim ◽  
Bok-Rye Lee ◽  
Woo-Jin Jung ◽  
Kil-Yong Kim ◽  
Jean-Christophe Avice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
White Clover ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
De Novo Protein Synthesis

The kinetics of protein incorporation from newly-absorbed nitrogen (N, de novo protein synthesis) was estimated by 15N tracing in 18-week-old white clover plants (Trifolium repens L. cv. Regal) during 7 d of water-deficit treatment. The physiological relationship between kinetics and accumulation of proline and ammonia in response to the change in leaf-water parameters was also assessed. All leaf-water parameters measured decreased gradually under water deficit. Leaf and root dry mass was not significantly affected during the first 3 d when decreases in leaf-water parameters were substantial. However, metabolic parameters such as total N, proline and ammonia were significantly affected within 1 d of commencement of water-deficit treatment. Water-deficit treatment significantly increased the proline and NH3–NH4+ concentrations in both leaves and roots. There was a marked reduction in the amount of N incorporated into the protein fraction from the newly absorbed N (NANP) in water-deficit stressed plants, particularly in leaf tissue. This reduction in NANP was strongly associated with an increased concentration of NH3–NH4+ in roots (P≤0.05) and proline (P≤0.01) in leaves and roots. These results suggest that proline accumulation may be a sensitive biochemical indicator of plant water status and of the dynamics of de novo protein synthesis in response to stress severity.

scholarly journals An Innovative Fog Catcher System Applied in the Andean Communities of Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1917-1923
Author(s):  
David V. Carrera-Villacrés ◽  
Iveth Carolina Robalino ◽  
Fabian F. Rodríguez ◽  
Washington R. Sandoval ◽  
Deysi L. Hidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Local Water

Abstract. Fog catchers have been successfully applied in several countries around the world. In Ecuador, the Galte communities in the Andean region suffer from water deficits because they are located at an altitude higher than 3500 m above sea level. Rainfall in the area is relatively low, about 600 mm per year, with high evapotranspiration of approximately 615.74 mm per year. This study aimed to install fog catchers in Galte in 2014 and 2015 to help meet the communities’ water needs. The fog catcher system was designed to satisfy the irrigation water demand for local agricultural production, mainly maize, based on estimates using the Blaney-Criddle method. Every day throughout the year, each fog catcher collected 5 to 20 L of water per m2 of catcher area. The results indicate that the fog catcher system can meet about 5% of the local water demand for agricultural production. Keywords: Ecuador, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Water deficit.

scholarly journals ROOT SYSTEM IN MAIZE PLANTS CULTIVATED UNDER WATER DEFICIT AND APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
LORENA GABRIELA ALMEIDA ◽  
EDER MARCOS DA SILVA ◽  
PAULO CÉSAR MAGALHÃES ◽  
DÉCIO KARAM ◽  
CAROLINE OLIVEIRA DOS REIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Corn Plants

Low water availability is characterized as an abiotic stressthat limits the agricultural production. Due to the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the chitosan (CHT), this substance might stimulatephysiological responses on plants to tolerate the water deficit. In this sense,we submitted corn plants to water deficit and application of chitosan on theleaves (140 mg/L) during pre flowering stage. It were analyzed two cornhybrids genotypes contrasting for water deficit tolerance: DKB 390 (tolerant)and BRS1010 (sensitive). Then, we performed evaluations on the rootsystem and production components. Corn plants submitted to the applicationof chitosan presented a specific behavior: when compared the hybrids,the tolerant one presented a root system that was more developed and anexpressive agronomical yield. These results highlight the fact that the chitosanstimulates plant growth, enhancing their root system and contributing toincrease the availability and absorption of water and nutrients. The chitosanpresents a potential to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the rootsystems, without compromising the agronomical yield.

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