Turkey

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Finkel
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Guardian

Turkey occupies a strategic position in today's world: culturally, historically, and geographically, it is the link between Islam and Western democracy, between Europe and the Middle East. The only predominantly Muslim nation to be a member of NATO and an ally of Israel, Turkey straddles both Europe and Asia. And it boasts an economy larger than any of the states that have joined the EU in recent years--Istanbul alone has a bigger economy than that of Hungary or the Czech Republic--with pipelines that carry much of the world's oil and gas. Andrew Finkel has spent twenty years in Turkey writing about the country for a number of leading news media such as The Economist and Time magazine. In this concise book, Finkel unravels Turkey's complexities, setting them against the historical background of the Ottoman Empire, the secular nationalist revolution led by Kemal Atatürk, and repeated political interventions by the military, which sees itself as the guardian of Atatürk's legacy. Finkel reveals a nation full of surprises. Turkey's labyrinthine politics often lead to such unexpected outcomes as leaders of the untra-nationalist party starting on the road to EU membership by voting to scrap the death penalty--which also meant giving a reprieve to the convicted leader of the Kurdish separatist movement. And where else but in Turkey, Finkel writes, would secularist liberals have supported a prime minister who was once jailed for promoting religious extremism? From the Kurdish question to economic policy, from Turkey's role in Iraq to its quest for EU membership, Finkel illuminates the past and present of this unique, and uniquely consequential, country.

Ex-Servicemen on the Road: Travel and Homelessness

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Higate
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Military ◽  
Open Road ◽  
Masculine Gender

An emerging literature has recently attempted to address the transitory characteristics of the single homeless population. In this paper I contribute to this focus by arguing that one way in which to account for the high mobility of the insecurely accommodated is to focus on its gendered groundings. Drawing on a study of seventeen homeless ex-servicemen, I explore the long-term influence of military-masculine gender ideology in a civilian environment pervaded by disadvantage. The themes of the emotions, camaraderie, alcohol use and ‘freedom from the military’ are discussed within an empirical and theoretical framework. In conclusion, it is suggested that a number of ex-servicemen are both disposed to, and equipped for, a life on the road, and may become ‘addicted’ to travel and fleeting fixedness to place. It is hoped that these comments have a wider generalisability, and may throw light on the deeper underpinnings of movement for homeless (non ex-service) men, a number of whom may romanticise their lives ‘on the open road'.

Coercive Mediation on the Road to Dayton

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saadia Touval
Keyword(s):  
Military Operations ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Us ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe article tries to explain why the American mediation at Dayton resulted in agreement, whereas previous attempts to settle the Bosnian conflict had failed. After examining the evolution of American policies prior to 1995, the article discusses the US initiative of taking the lead in the negotiation, and the methods and tactics it employed. It argues that the military operations against the Serbs do not fit the description of the mediator as a manipulator inducing a mutually hurting stalemate. The military campaign having endowed Western policies with credibility, intimidated the Serbs, and redrawn the front-lines, might be called coercive mediation. It suggests that the description of the mediator as an intervenor who does not employ force needs to be revised.

Guilt, Sympathy, and Cooperation: EU—Baltic Relations in the Early 1990s

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainius Lasas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Community ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Collective Guilt ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Eu

The period between March 1990 and June 1993 represents the critical window for European Union (EU)—Baltic relations. During this time Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania laid the foundation for future EU membership. For its part, the European community made a commitment to include the three republics in the process of enlargement. This paper traces the beginnings of EU—Baltic cooperation and examines factors that led to growing political and economic convergence. Nordic membership in the EU, ex-Soviet troop withdrawal, and Russian parliamentary elections were instrumental in bringing both sides together on the road to enlargement, but collective guilt provided the underlying rationale. In this paper, the author argues that it is impossible to understand fully this process of convergence without taking into account the connotations and consequences of the “black trinity”: the Munich pact, the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, and the Yalta agreement.

scholarly journals MAIN IMPACTS ON THE SYRIA’S CRISIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Nataliya Dzhygalyuk
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
United Arab Republic ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
The Military

The historical background that have influenced the Syria’s crisis is described, geographical position and demographic composition that makes Syria a convenient base for opposition forces, political contacts between France, Great Britain and Russia considering the situation in Syria are characterized. The attention is focused on the prerequisits that have lead to the crisis in Syria including both inner and external factors. In the article is mentioned two unsolved territorial disputes: the Shebaa Farms and Hatay region. Another issue, that makes Syria more diverse is Kurdish question. Colonial powers divided Middle East by not existing boarders. It has led Egypt and Syria to unite and establish the United Arab Republic. One more important question is coup d’état, which was led by representatives of the military elite Salah Jadid, Hafez al-Assad, Salim Hatum, Mustafa Tlas. The author mentioned that the civil war in Syria is mistakenly concidered to be a religious conflict. The origins of the Syrian vulnerability derive not from the sectarian divisions. In fact the deterioration of situation in Syria hugely depended on social and economic factors. Another important issue discussed in the article is that Bashar’s rulling led to the so-called Damascus Spring, which represented the most important civil society mobilization preceding the 2011 uprising.

scholarly journals Democracy in Afghanistan and External Actors

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Dr. Mohammad Younus ◽  
Dr. Aisha Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Us ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Democratic Stability ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Military Objective ◽  
The Military

The US responded to the 9/11 terrorist attacks by invading Afghanistan. The US invasion had two perceived objectives: Military and Political. The military objective was to eliminate Al-Qaida and Taliban in order to restore peace, while the political dimension was to rebuild the Afghan state and society from scratch, to establish a healthy democratic system which would put Afghanistan on the road to prosperity. In Dec 2001, nearly all the Afghan stakeholders, except Taliban, gathered along with the representatives of international community in Bonn, Germany. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the plans which would help to materialize the dream of a stable and democratic Afghanistan. The project of democratic Afghanistan envisioned at Bonn Conference in 2001 is still far from being achieved. All the attempts made by international community to establish democracy in Afghanistan have not been met with success. The study begins with the premise that there are certain pre-conditions which enhance the growth of democracy and unless the conditions are met, democratic stability will remain a distant dream in Afghanistan. This study surveys and analyzes the deterioration of democratic system in Afghanistan with special reference to the role of ethnic cleavages and the menacing influence of foreign actors. The study recommends policies that are aimed at reducing ethnic polarization by ensuring more equitable distribution of power and resources coupled with a realistic approach on the part of Kabul to take into account the legitimate security interests of regional countries in order to compel them to play a constructive role for achieving peace and stability in Afghanistan.

I. ‘With or Without me’: The ECJ Adopts a Pose of Studied Neutrality Towards EU Enlargement

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-989
Author(s):  
Joe McMahon ◽  
Antje Pedain
Keyword(s):  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
On The Road

In three judgments delivered on 27 September 2001, the European Court of Justice ruled on the legal effects of clauses in the Europe Agreements which accord candidate country nationals limited rights to establish themselves as self-employed persons in the Member States of the European Union (EU).1 The Court refused to interpret these provisions as steps on the road to full-fledged EU membership which should be given a dynamic reading in order to provide continuing impetus for enlargement. The significance of these judgments lies less in their legal pronouncements than in their wider political implications. The judgments indicate that the Court is not prepared to act as a second chaperone of the process of enlargement alongside the Commission.

scholarly journals Modeling of dynamic fracture mechanism in rock masses due to wave propagation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 4683
Author(s):  
Mirvat Abdallah ◽  
Fatima Haidar
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Distinct Element ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Rock Masses ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
The Road ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Distinct Element Code ◽  
On The Road

Finding a new oil well is a stimulating experience at all levels, however, it’s only an important milestone on the road towards exploiting oil and gas. When it comes to well drilling, the condition of the ground that surrounds the oil plays a major role. While there are many factors that dictate the success of exploring and drilling wells, porosity and permeability of the surrounding stone are some of the most important components.This paper focuses on the effective way to increase the porosity and the permeability of the rock using explosives without damaging the rock. In order to reach our aim, a numerical simulation was conducted. In fact, a 2D distinct element code was used, and 4 models were constructed; in each model the number of explosives increase while the blast load per explosive decreases.The dynamic stresses, and velocity vectors of the wave propagation were analyzed to evaluate the behavior of rock masses in each model. Moreover, a grid of history points was studied in order to compare the results and find the most suitable method to increase the crack propagation, therefore, the porosity and permeability along the rock masses, without damaging it.  

The formation of drilling equipment delivery scheme for oil and gas sector from China to Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 426-431
Author(s):  
Elena Matyushenko ◽  
Yulia Kulakovanko ◽  
Alexander Shepel
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
The Road ◽  
Drilling Equipment ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Objective: To study the practical aspects of the formation of the drilling equipment delivery scheme for the oil and gas sector from China to Russia. This is done in order to determine the possibility of optimizing routes and reducing the cost of transportation, taking into account the design features of the transported goods. Methods: The methods of systematization and generalization of theoretical concepts and statistical data were used. Results: The analysis of possible routes of international communication in the context of transportation of drilling equipment was carried out. The specifics of the main land routes of cargo transportation from China were determined. A formula for calculating the time required for transportation and handling of goods was introduced in order to compare the different routes and the delivery time. The calculation of time spent on the road during the transportation of drilling equipment along the route Beijing–Zabaikalsk–the Siberian and Ural Federal Districts was presented. The necessity to form an effective scheme for the delivery of oversized cargo for oil and gas sector based on the proposed algorithm was substantiated. Practical importance: The developed approach makes it possible to calculate the time spent on the way of various cargoes and apply the obtained results in the formation of an effective cargo delivery scheme. The recommendations presented in the article will help improve the quality of the logistics services provided, and increase the efficiency of the transportation process.

scholarly journals Europe on the Road to World War II: Polemical Notes

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Yurii Klymenko ◽  
Oleksandr Potiekhin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Union ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Military Support ◽  
The Military

Abstract. The Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine, preceded by the war of the Russian Federation against Georgia, raised the question of a joint repulse of democratic states to actions aimed at undermining European stability. The problem of protecting small and medium-sized states from the threat posed by Russia has arisen in a new way. In this context, the inability of leading European states to stop the aggression of Nazi Germany is repeatedly mentioned. To assess the relevance of such parallels with modernity, the authors of this article seek to briefly and objectively analyse what was happening in the 1930s. The threat of a military catastrophe and complete destabilisation of Europe had been growing since 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. He and his entourage gradually dragged Europe into a series of international conflicts and the World War II. According to the authors of the article, the leading motive for the inaction of Western powers within the military and political allied cooperation was not the desire to balance Germany’s military power and thus deter aggression but the attempt to avoid involvement in a world war by appeasing Hitler. In pursuit of European stability, France aimed to secure the military support of as wide a range of European countries as possible, and Great Britain was seeking to build a stable European system without making clear military commitments to the continental powers. London felt at peace with Berlin’s continental ambitions, as they did not cover the seas. London entertained the illusion that its security could be guaranteed without interfering in the war on the mainland. The authors emphasise that only in a state of conscious self-blindness could Western politicians for years retain the illusion of the prospect of civilising and taming the German dictator by satisfying his whims. Such illusions, however, never concerned Stalin. In the pre-war period, the Stalinist regime did its best to prevent the Soviet Union from being involved in building a system of collective security in Europe. The authors come to the following conclusion: in an effort to preserve at least the remnants of stability in Europe, the states have consistently moved towards continuous destabilization and war. Keywords: Europe, military and political union, World War II, Germany.

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