scholarly journals Democracy in Afghanistan and External Actors

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Dr. Mohammad Younus ◽  
Dr. Aisha Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Us ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Democratic Stability ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Military Objective ◽  
The Military

The US responded to the 9/11 terrorist attacks by invading Afghanistan. The US invasion had two perceived objectives: Military and Political. The military objective was to eliminate Al-Qaida and Taliban in order to restore peace, while the political dimension was to rebuild the Afghan state and society from scratch, to establish a healthy democratic system which would put Afghanistan on the road to prosperity. In Dec 2001, nearly all the Afghan stakeholders, except Taliban, gathered along with the representatives of international community in Bonn, Germany. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the plans which would help to materialize the dream of a stable and democratic Afghanistan. The project of democratic Afghanistan envisioned at Bonn Conference in 2001 is still far from being achieved. All the attempts made by international community to establish democracy in Afghanistan have not been met with success. The study begins with the premise that there are certain pre-conditions which enhance the growth of democracy and unless the conditions are met, democratic stability will remain a distant dream in Afghanistan. This study surveys and analyzes the deterioration of democratic system in Afghanistan with special reference to the role of ethnic cleavages and the menacing influence of foreign actors. The study recommends policies that are aimed at reducing ethnic polarization by ensuring more equitable distribution of power and resources coupled with a realistic approach on the part of Kabul to take into account the legitimate security interests of regional countries in order to compel them to play a constructive role for achieving peace and stability in Afghanistan.

Coercive Mediation on the Road to Dayton

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saadia Touval
Keyword(s):  
Military Operations ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Us ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe article tries to explain why the American mediation at Dayton resulted in agreement, whereas previous attempts to settle the Bosnian conflict had failed. After examining the evolution of American policies prior to 1995, the article discusses the US initiative of taking the lead in the negotiation, and the methods and tactics it employed. It argues that the military operations against the Serbs do not fit the description of the mediator as a manipulator inducing a mutually hurting stalemate. The military campaign having endowed Western policies with credibility, intimidated the Serbs, and redrawn the front-lines, might be called coercive mediation. It suggests that the description of the mediator as an intervenor who does not employ force needs to be revised.

On the Road to Convergence Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Niki Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
The Road ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
On The Road

Climate change. Lack of food security. Limited access to basic healthcare. These are just some of the big, complex problems facing humanity. Solutions will require out-of-the-box innovation, which is why many governments, institutions, and entrepreneurs around the globe are beginning to embrace the concept of convergence research. The US-based National Science Foundation describes convergence as “a deeper, more intentional approach to accelerating discovery.” Following interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity, it is the next stop on a continuum used to describe approaches whereby scientists and experts learn from each other and collaborate across disciplines. It aims to integrate the natural, computational, social, economic, and health sciences in a humanities context, thereby transcending the traditional boundaries of those fields and creating unique opportunities for problem-solving. The concept of convergence research is taking hold, but how effectively is it being implemented? This chapter explores examples from research networks, research institutes, and the private sector to better understand how convergence research is addressing some of society’s most pressing issues. From disruptions in indigenous food systems to emerging issues in mental health, the author explores the benefits and challenges that arise from a convergence research approach.

Ex-Servicemen on the Road: Travel and Homelessness

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Higate
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Military ◽  
Open Road ◽  
Masculine Gender

An emerging literature has recently attempted to address the transitory characteristics of the single homeless population. In this paper I contribute to this focus by arguing that one way in which to account for the high mobility of the insecurely accommodated is to focus on its gendered groundings. Drawing on a study of seventeen homeless ex-servicemen, I explore the long-term influence of military-masculine gender ideology in a civilian environment pervaded by disadvantage. The themes of the emotions, camaraderie, alcohol use and ‘freedom from the military’ are discussed within an empirical and theoretical framework. In conclusion, it is suggested that a number of ex-servicemen are both disposed to, and equipped for, a life on the road, and may become ‘addicted’ to travel and fleeting fixedness to place. It is hoped that these comments have a wider generalisability, and may throw light on the deeper underpinnings of movement for homeless (non ex-service) men, a number of whom may romanticise their lives ‘on the open road'.

scholarly journals Progress down the open road

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Graham Taylor
Keyword(s):  
The Road ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The Us ◽  
University Presses ◽  
World Class ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Open Road

In UK scholarly publishing, we have a world-class industry led by famous flagship journals generating over £1bn in turnover, 80% from exports. We comprise a few significant commercial players, a few university presses and a large group of not-for-profit society publishers, often working under contract with the commercials. The UK is a world hub for this activity, alongside the US, The Netherlands and Germany, part of a global industry publishing over 1.5 million peer-reviewed articles per year in over 20 000 journals. But many challenges lie on the road ahead.

Iraq: Military Confrontation with the United States and its Thirty-Three Allies

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Marinko Bobić
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Community ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Window Of Opportunity ◽  
Extensive System ◽  
The Us ◽  
Saddam Hussein ◽  
The Military

This chapter traces the military confrontation between Iraq under Saddam Hussein and the United States backed by the international community, known as the Gulf War. To understand Saddam's decision to militarily engage the US, one must go back to his rise in power, his beliefs, and consequences of the Iraq-Iran war, as well as the invasion of Kuwait. The simplified explanation is that Saddam found himself in a difficult domestic situation. He had to maintain an extensive system of control, partially dependent on coercion, and partially dependent on incentives and rewards. This system was shaken by the Iraq-Iran war. While such domestic crisis alone might not have induced Saddam to fight a losing war, his anomalous beliefs ensured that he thought he could win by seeing the US as unable to stomach another war. In a way, such a belief could be interpreted as a wrongly-perceived window of opportunity. The counter-factual assessment provides additional evidence that a change in these conditions would likely have led to a different outcome.

scholarly journals On the Road to Discover My Mayan Voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Health Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migrant Farmworker ◽  
The Road ◽  
Good Samaritan ◽  
The Us ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The University

Dina Hernandez is from Morganton, NC where she lives with her husband of three years and their dog, Bandit. She recently graduated from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro with a BA in Spanish (June ‘19). She currently works as a Spanish interpreter at the Good Samaritan Clinic and as a Tele-behavioral Health Coordinator for the Migrant Farmworker Health Program. Her parents are originally from Huehuetenango, Guatemala and speak Akateko. They migrated to the United States in the 70s and from there have created a family here in the US with their five children. Dina is the youngest of her siblings.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Top Mix Permeable Concrete on Pedestrian Pathway

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Porous Concrete ◽  
The Road ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Parking Garages ◽  
The Common ◽  
On The Road

Abstract. Our towns are increasingly protected by buildings and water paved pavements. Moreover, the city's climate is far from normal. Rainwater is not filtered underground due to the absence of the permeability of the common concrete pavement to water and air permeability. In addition, the exchange of heat and humidity with air is difficult for the soil, and it's not possible to change the temperature and relative humidity of the Earth's surface in urban areas. At the same time, the safety from both car and foot passenger traffic is limited by a plash on the road on a rainy day. Since the 1980s, work on permeable asphalt pavements has started in developed countries like the US and Japan. For roadway applications, permeable concrete is also widely used as a surface course in Europe and Japan Improving skid resistance and reducing noise from traffic. Only about 20 – 30 MPa can the material reach's compressive intensity. Due to their low strength, such materials cannot be used as pavement. Only frames, walking routes, parking garages, and park trails can be used with permeable concrete. Utilizing specified analyses, small materials, admixtures, organic intensifiers and changing the ratio, strength and abrasion resistance of the concrete mix, the porous concrete may be greatly enhanced.

Turkey

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Finkel
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Guardian

Turkey occupies a strategic position in today's world: culturally, historically, and geographically, it is the link between Islam and Western democracy, between Europe and the Middle East. The only predominantly Muslim nation to be a member of NATO and an ally of Israel, Turkey straddles both Europe and Asia. And it boasts an economy larger than any of the states that have joined the EU in recent years--Istanbul alone has a bigger economy than that of Hungary or the Czech Republic--with pipelines that carry much of the world's oil and gas. Andrew Finkel has spent twenty years in Turkey writing about the country for a number of leading news media such as The Economist and Time magazine. In this concise book, Finkel unravels Turkey's complexities, setting them against the historical background of the Ottoman Empire, the secular nationalist revolution led by Kemal Atatürk, and repeated political interventions by the military, which sees itself as the guardian of Atatürk's legacy. Finkel reveals a nation full of surprises. Turkey's labyrinthine politics often lead to such unexpected outcomes as leaders of the untra-nationalist party starting on the road to EU membership by voting to scrap the death penalty--which also meant giving a reprieve to the convicted leader of the Kurdish separatist movement. And where else but in Turkey, Finkel writes, would secularist liberals have supported a prime minister who was once jailed for promoting religious extremism? From the Kurdish question to economic policy, from Turkey's role in Iraq to its quest for EU membership, Finkel illuminates the past and present of this unique, and uniquely consequential, country.

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