scholarly journals Feeling Out of Place: Internalized Age Stereotypes Are Associated With Older Employees’ Sense of Belonging and Social Motivation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Rahn ◽  
Sarah E Martiny ◽  
Jana Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Age Stereotypes ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Older Employees

Abstract Older employees are not only confronted with subtle negative stereotypes about cognitive decline, but they also tend to internalize these negative stereotypes (i.e., they agree with the idea that intellectual performance declines in old age and they feel affected by this decline). Previous research has shown that internalizing negative age stereotypes has detrimental effects on work-related outcomes. Little is known about how internalized negative stereotypes shape older employees’ social emotions and social motivation. In the present research, we argue that older adults who internalize negative age stereotypes feel insecure about their belongingness in the workplace and this has negative motivational consequences. Four out of five studies and an aggregate analysis with a total of N = 1,306 older employees (age 50–76 years) supported this hypothesis. Internalized age stereotypes were negatively related to social approach motivation toward coworkers through reduced sense of belonging in the workplace and low positive affect. In addition, internalized age stereotypes were positively related to social avoidance motivation. Investigations of the causality of these relationships revealed mixed results. We discuss these findings from the perspective of socioemotional aging and the need to belong. In sum, the present research adds to knowledge on the role of internalized negative stereotypes for older employees’ social lives and, potentially, their success in the work domain.

scholarly journals The origins of belonging: social motivation in infants and young children

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1686) ◽  
pp. 20150072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Over
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Our reliance on our group members has exerted a profound influence over our motivation: successful group functioning requires that we are motivated to interact, and engage, with those around us. In other words, we need to belong. In this article, I explore the developmental origins of our need to belong. I discuss existing evidence that, from early in development, children seek to affiliate with others and to form long-lasting bonds with their group members. Furthermore, when children are deprived of a sense of belonging, it has negative consequences for their well-being. This focus on social motivation enables us to examine why and in what circumstances children engage in particular behaviours. It thus provides an important complement to research on social cognition. In doing so, it opens up important questions for future research and provides a much-needed bridge between developmental and social psychology.

Exposure to Cyberbullying and Classroom Social Climate as Predictors of Students' Sense of Belonging in Class in Elementary and Middle Schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-131
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kashy-Rosenbaum ◽  
Dana Aizenkot
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
And Gender

Children and adolescents currently conduct part of their social lives in cyberspace. Along with the increased use of WhatsApp – the most popular social platform in Israel – as a social network, we witness the spread of cyberbullying, that is, targeted aggressive activity against individuals in a virtual social space. Bullying in the virtual social space sometimes also flows into the actual social space in the classroom through feeding and refeeding, affecting the perception of the classroom social climate and the student’s sense of belonging in the classroom. Impairment of students’ sense of belonging in the classroom may impair their mental wellbeing and their functioning in school. The present study was designed to broaden our understanding of how exposure to cyberbullying relates to the social climate and students’ sense of belonging in the classroom beyond the students’ age and gender, distinguishing between exposure to cyberbullying in the private space and in the group space. The study involved 4,813 students (53% girls) in grades 4–9 in 191 classes within 33 schools. Participants filled out e-questionnaires. The findings showed that, as predicted by the research hypotheses, the more students are exposed to cyberbullying in the private and group spaces, the more negative the perceived social climate and students’ sense of belonging in the classroom will be. Exposure to simultaneous cyberbullying in both spaces, private and group, was found to be associated with even greater harm to the perceived social climate in the classroom and to students’ sense of belonging. It was also found that the perception of the social climate in the classroom mediates the connection between exposure and bullying in the classroom virtual space and students’ sense of belonging. The educational implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Anticipated and Perceived Stigma Among Patients With Psoriasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Marilyn T. Wan ◽  
Rebecca L. Pearl ◽  
Zelma C. Chiesa Fuxench ◽  
Junko Takeshita ◽  
Joel M. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Global Assessment ◽  
Physician Global Assessment ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Perceived Stigma ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Assessment Scores ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Stigmatizing Attitudes

Background: Perceived stigma among patients with psoriasis (PWP) is associated with poorer quality of life. Objective: To determine the prevalence and predictors of stigmatizing attitudes that PWP expect and experience from others. Methods: We conducted a survey using validated outcome measures to assess the extent to which PWP anticipate and perceive stigma from others. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records. Results: Patients (n = 106) were 48.11% female, 70.75% white, and had a mean age ± SD of 47.90 ± 16.19 years old. Of all, 25.47% self-reported their psoriasis as severe. Mean physician global assessment score ± SD was 2.98 ± 1.81. Two-thirds (66.98%) of patients reported that, in response to seeing their psoriasis-affected skin, they anticipated others to stereotype them as “contagious.” Linear regression analyses demonstrated that patient-reported severe psoriasis, compared to mild psoriasis, was associated with greater anticipation of negative stereotypes, social avoidance, and perceived stigma from others ( P values < .05). Physician-measured body surface area and global assessment scores were not significantly associated with any outcome. Conclusion: Prevalence of anticipated and perceived stigma among PWP is high. Our results suggest that objective measures of severity may not identify patients at risk of stigma-related distress. Additional methods, such as directly inquiring about stigmatizing experiences, may be needed.

scholarly journals Psychosocial Risk Factors from the Perception of Women Researchers Belonging to the SNI

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Blanca Estela Aarun Lopez ◽  
Ana Maria Alejandra Herrera Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Psychosocial Risk Factors ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Family Integration ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family

This investigation had the objective to identify the perception of women holding PhD degrees awarded by the National Researchers System (SNI) regarding five work environment psychosocial risk factors, stress, burnout, mobbing, work-family integration and gender. A qualitative research was performed involving six female researchers working in either public or private institutions. A content analysis technique was used to process the information procured through a semi-structured interview. Work-related stress was found to be part of their lives determined by excess of work with subsequent physical and emotional manifestations; burnout and mobbing were not a constant as not all had experienced them; work-family integration had not been achieved, often resulting in conflict particularly at a certain stage of life when children were young; and, finally, with regard to gender, there were negative stereotypes concerning the role in their field of research.

scholarly journals Millennials: sickness presenteeism and its correlates: a cross-sectional online survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e026885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Lohaus ◽  
Florian Röser
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sickness Presenteeism ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
The Future ◽  
Health Related

ObjectiveSickness presenteeism (SP) is a well-documented phenomenon in the current workforce. However, little is known about the SP of future employees (Millennials). We investigated rate and propensity of presenteeism and health-related and work-related correlates in university students to obtain information about the relevance of SP in the future workforce. Sickness presenteeism (SP) refers to going towork while ill.1Design and settingWe administered a cross-sectional online survey in August 2018 involving self-assessments of health-related and work-related behaviour. As planned, we analysed rates, instances and propensities of presenteeism and absenteeism. The target population was Millennial university students.Results749 German university students, average age 24.7±3.6 years, 49.5% women, mean academic progress 4.5±2.7 semesters, <1% without work experience, 15.4±10.3 mean weekly working hours. Presenteeism rates in the complete sample were 64% at school and 60.4% at work. For the subsample of participants who reported sickness, presenteeism rates were 87.9% at school and 87% at work. Presenteeism propensity among them was 0.67±0.34 at school and 0.68±0.35 at work. SP at school and at work was significantly correlated with subjective health (r=0.29, p=0.000 and r=0.25, p=0.000) and locus of control (r=−0.20, p=0.000 and r=−0.26, p=0.000). Age and sex adjusted multiple regression analysis showed that subjective health explained 9.7% of the variance in SP at school (B=0.049, p=0.000) and 8.1% of the variance in SP at work (B=0.037, p=0.000).ConclusionsThe SP rates of the future workforce were in line with previous research on older employees, whereas the presenteeism propensities we found here were higher. Across all analyses, subjective health proved to be associated with presenteeism. Thus, the relevance of SP will remain constant or might even increase with regard to the future workforce. Programmes offering health education should be implemented to sensitise this generation as early as possible.

Caring for the Elderly But Not for One’s Own Old Employees?

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Bilinska ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Geriatric Care ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Age Stereotypes ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
Organizational Age

Abstract. We introduce organizational age climate (OAC) as the employee’s shared perception of age stereotypes within an organization and investigate its association with antecedents of turnover (i.e., turnover intention, organizational identification, and job satisfaction) and negative individual beliefs about older employees. Data from 397 nurses working in 45 German geriatric care units were analyzed within a multilevel design. Results show that more positive OAC is associated with lower levels of turnover intention and higher levels of job satisfaction, even after controlling for the organization’s social climate. Both associations are mediated by organizational identification. Our results show that OAC uniquely contributes to explaining variance in nurses’ turnover intention and thus deserves more attention both in research and practice.

Multiple Paths to Belonging That We Should Study Together

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Hirsch ◽  
Margaret S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Communal Relationship ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
A Minor

We propose a broadened conceptualization of what it means to belong by reviewing evidence that there is more than one way to achieve a sense of belonging. We suggest four paths—a communal-relationship path, a general-approbation path, a group-membership path, and a minor-sociability path—and review some evidence for the existence of each. We call for researchers to recognize that multiple paths to belonging exist and to study whether and how the paths combine and interact to influence people’s sense of belonging. Choosing the communal-relationship path and the general-approbation path as an example, we highlight times when these paths may (a) mesh well and produce additive boosts to a person’s sense of belonging, (b) substitute for one another, and (c) conflict with one another and cause ambivalence. We further call for the development of refined measures of the need to belong and of having a sense of achieved belonging as well as new measures of striving to achieve belonging through specific paths. We suggest that broadening the conceptualization of belonging will help integrate existing literature and generate future research.

Diversity and age stereotypes in portrayals of older adults in popular American primetime television series

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Čedomir Markov ◽  
Youngmin Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
The United States ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Television Series ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Age Stereotypes ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Primetime Television ◽  
Young Old

Abstract To examine the prevalence and diversity of older adults on primetime television, and age stereotyping in these portrayals, we analysed the contents of 112 episodes of popular American television series aired between 2004 and 2018. We identified 6.6 per cent of characters as aged 65 and older – a slight improvement to the values reported in previous studies. However, older adult characters are still grossly under-represented, considering the actual proportion of older adults in the general population of the United States of America. Further, the typical older character was young-old, male, Caucasian, middle-class, able-bodied and straight – if his sexuality was referenced. Older women still face double discrimination in media representations. In addition, older adult characters with ethnicities other than Caucasian and African American are virtually invisible in primetime fiction series. Similarly, old-old characters, sexual minorities and persons with disabilities are particularly rare among older adult characters in this type of programming. Finally, portrayals of 51.9 per cent of characters included at least some elements of age stereotypes, most of which were positive. The most commonly applied positive and negative stereotypes were found to be the golden ager and the shrew, respectively. The findings are discussed in the context of the dominant discourse of ageing and the potential implications of how various social groups perceive ageing and older adults.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Employee Attitudes in Service Sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Atul Gupta ◽  
Sara Bennett ◽  
Meghan Moss ◽  
Angela Satya Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Older Employees

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between sense of belonging and job satisfaction in hospital-based nurses.  By discovering what contributes to job satisfaction, organizations will be able to better retain their nurses.  This empirical paper used a non-experimental design to test a proposed model based on a review of relevant literature. Working nurses in a hospital setting completed surveys capturing the constructs researched.  The findings of this research suggest that sense of belonging leads to positive outcomes and higher job satisfaction. Older employees tend to be less satisfied than their younger counterparts.  While this study offers some insight into the factors affecting the job satisfaction of nurses, the sample was limited to respondents who were working at local hospitals in Southeastern United States. Thus these results may not represent the views of all nurses in the health care sector.  To retain high-valued nurses it is important that an organization has a work environment that enhances their commitment to their occupation. These research findings provide evidence that nurses who feel as though they are part of an organization will be more motivated to better their respective organizations. In turn, these profitable organizations invest back in the community they operate in, improving the overall socio-economic fabric of local economy.  Although a considerable amount of research has been done evaluating the value of a sense of belonging, none of these studies link it to job satisfaction based on gender. This contribution is also of special importance amid the recent criticism of the healthcare costs by prominent management scholars. Keywords – Sense of Belonging, Job Satisfaction, Healthcare, Age, Work Experience

scholarly journals Work-related factors as predictors in the retirement decision-making process of older workers in the Netherlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANNA VAN SOLINGE ◽  
KÈNE HENKENS
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Retirement Decision ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
Retirement Policy ◽  
Retirement Intentions

ABSTRACTThis article examines work-related factors and their impact on the retirement decision-making process. We particularly focus on organisational human resources policies and normative climate regarding retirement. Organisations create opportunities and conditions for career extension via their personnel instruments. The normative climate may encourage or discourage retirement. We use a ten-year follow-up study among 1,458 older employees in the Netherlands aged 50–59 at baseline. Results reveal that older workers are sensitive to social approval earned from their co-workers and supervisor. A social climate that supports working up to higher ages is an important requisite for reducing the attractiveness of the early retirement option. Retirement intentions, formed in the years prior to retirement, are shaped by workplace norms and supervisors' attitudes. Results indicate that in order to delay retirement, policy initiatives cannot be reduced to altering financial restrictions surrounding retirement but need to address the forces at the organisational level that channel workers out of employment.

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