Purple Nutsedge Control with Allyl Isothiocyanate under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Nutsedge control is challenging in commercial vegetable production in the absence of methyl bromide, and therefore, an effective alternative is needed. This study investigated allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) as a methyl bromide alternative for purple nutsedge control under polyethylene-mulch. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the retention of allyl ITC in treated soil (3,000 nmol g−1) under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of allyl ITC (6 rates: 0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1500 kg ai ha−1) under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide+chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ai ha−1under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. In the greenhouse experiment, the predicted half-life of allyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 0.15 and 0.59 d, respectively. In the field experiment, it was predicted that allyl ITC at 1,240 and 1,097 kg ha−1under VIF mulch is required to control purple nutsedge shoot and tubers equivalent to methyl bromide + chloropicrin at 4 wk after treatment (WAT). It is concluded that allyl ITC under VIF mulch would need to be applied at 2.8 to 3.2 times the standard treatment of methyl bromide + chloropicrin under LDPE mulch for commercially acceptable purple nutsedge control.

scholarly journals Reduction of Phytophthora cactorum in Strawberry Fields by Trichoderma spp. and Soil Solarization

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Porras ◽  
C. Barrau ◽  
F. T. Arroyo ◽  
B. Santos ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Field experiments were conducted in southwest Spain for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of solarization and Trichoderma spp., alone and combined, in reducing Phytophthora cactorum soil populations and consequently leather rot on fruit of strawberry plants. Plots (12.5 by 3.3 m), never treated with methyl bromide, were naturally infested by P. cactorum. Solarization was conducted during the summer, using clear 50-µm low-density polyethylene mulch. Trichoderma spp. were applied via drip and dip, adding to the soil 7 days before planting (108 conidia/m2), and strawberry roots were dipped in a suspension of Trichoderma spp. (106 conidia/ml) prior to planting. Solarization reduced the soil P. cactorum population 100% in year 1, 47% in year 2, and 55% in year 3 relative to the untreated control. Trichoderma spp. applications reduced soil populations of P. cactorum and reduced leather rot incidence 76.6% in year 1 and 33.8% in year 2 compared with the untreated control. The combination of solarization and Trichoderma spp. reduced P. cactorum soil population the most each year, 88.9% in January 2001, 97.6% in 2002, and 99.0% in 2003. The very promising effect of Trichoderma spp. and solarization against P. cactorum indicates that there may be future alternatives to traditional chemicals for disease control.

Halosulfuron-Methyl Degradation from the Surface of Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch Using Analytical and Bioassay Techniques

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
William K. Vencill
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Vegetable injury and yield loss has occurred when applying halosulfuron to low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE) prior to transplanting. Research determined vegetable crop response to halosulfuron applied over LDPE mulch from 1 to 28 d prior to transplanting using (1) temperature effects in aqueous solution in laboratory experiments, (2) analytical evaluation of degradation from LDPE under field conditions, and (3) a field bioassay. Halosulfuron stability was evaluated on a thermal gradient table for temperatures at 10 to 42 C for 15 d. Half-life was inversely related to temperatures ranging from 38.5 d at 20 C to 3.2 d at 42 C, with little to no degradation at temperatures of 11 and 15 C. Analytical data indicated that the field half-life of halosulfuron at 26 or 52 g ha−1applied to LDPE mulch under dry conditions was 2.6 and 2.8 d, respectively. Given the changes in the microclimate effects at the mulch surface by absorption of solar radiation, daily thermal energy quantified halosulfuron degradation (at the same rates) to be 51 and 55 MJ m−2, respectively. At 21 d after treatment (DAT), 90% of halosulfuron had dissipated from the mulch, with none detectable 35 DAT under dry conditions. When watermelon or yellow crookneck squash was transplanted into mulch previously treated with halosulfuron at 79 g ha−1, plant growth and development were equal to nontreated controls as long as there was a 14 d prior to transplant (DPT) interval accompanied by 13.5 cm of rain, or a 17 DPT interval accompanied by 6.2 cm of rain. However, at 79 g ha−1applied at 9 or 1 DPT in 2013, and 1 DPT in 2014, halosulfuron injured yellow squash and reduced yield and fruit number. Halosulfuron at 79 g ha−1applied 1 DPT significantly reduced watermelon yield in 2013, which was confirmed by vine length and plant biomass reductions in 2014. Halosulfuron POST controlsCyperusspp. in mulch vegetable production, but time and rainfall are required for dissipation to occur in order to prevent injury and yield loss.

Effect of Plastic Mulch Type on Fomesafen Dissipation in Florida Vegetable Production Systems

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Reed ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
P. Christopher Wilson ◽  
Peter J. Dittmar
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Mulches used in plasticulture systems could decrease dissipation of fomesafen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, and dissuade producers from using the herbicide for fear of crop injury in subsequent growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted in Balm, FL, in 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of different plastic mulches on fomesafen dissipation, squash tolerance, and efficacy on purple nutsedge. Squash was injured less than 5% from fomesafen applications. The use of plastic mulches reduced purple nutsedge density at transplant by 60% compared with the no-mulch treatment. At transplant, treatments with low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE), virtually impermeable film (VIF), and totally impermeable film (TIF) mulch had greater than 2-fold the fomesafen concentrations than treatments with clear or no mulch. At harvest in 2015, LDPE, VIF, and TIF treatments had greater fomesafen concentrations than clear and no-mulch treatments; however, concentrations in 2016 were similar for all treatments. Fomesafen can persist at high concentrations throughout the growing season in Florida plasticulture possibly limiting producer options for crop rotation and the use of cover crops.

Vegetable Response to Herbicides Applied to Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch Prior to Transplant

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Theodore M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Few herbicides are available for weed control in vegetable production systems using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulch. With the elimination of methyl bromide for pest management and subsequent use of various alternative fumigants, the need for herbicides in vegetable production systems has increased. An experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of transplant summer squash and tomato to carfentrazone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, halosulfuron, or paraquat applied to the mulch prior to transplanting. After applying herbicides overtop of the mulch but prior to vegetable transplant, the mulch was either irrigated with 1.0 cm of water or not irrigated. Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation. Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments. In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT). Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting. After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%. Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated; and reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated. With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%. These studies demonstrate the safety of carfentrazone, applied on mulch prior to transplanting either squash or tomato, regardless of irrigation, and also demonstrate the safety of glyphosate and paraquat if irrigated prior to transplanting. Conversely, flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation. Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation, but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Solarization and Cabbage Amendment for the Control of Phytophthora spp. in North Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Coelho ◽  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
D. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Phytophthora Spp

The effects of soil solarization with or without cabbage leaf amendments on the survival of Phytophthora spp. were evaluated in several North Florida soils. Soil temperature under solarization treatments reached a maximum of 47°C at a 10-cm depth, but only 41°C at 25 cm. Solarization with a clear, gas-impermeable film was as effective as methyl bromide in reducing populations of P. nicotianae at a 10-cm depth but had no effect on populations at a depth of 25 cm. Populations of P. capsici after solarization with either a clear, low-density polyethylene or a clear, gas-impermeable film were similar to methyl bromide treatment at the 10-cm depth, while at the 25-cm depth, no reduction in populations was observed. Incorporation of cabbage into the soil at a rate of 6.6 to 8.9 kg/m2 did not enhance the effectiveness of solarization in reducing populations of either Phytophthora sp.

scholarly journals Phenyl Isothiocyanate Performance on Purple Nutsedge under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur ◽  
John D. Mattice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Purple Nutsedge

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed in vegetable crops in the southern United States. Methyl bromide is widely used for effective purple nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. With the impending ban on methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration and exposure period on purple nutsedge tuber viability and to compare the retention of phenyl ITC in soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phenyl ITC under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. A phenyl ITC concentration of 676 ppm in soil for 3 days in a sealed environment reduced purple nutsedge tuber viability by 97% compared with a nontreated control. Phenyl ITC retention was higher in soil covered with VIF mulch than with LDPE mulch. The predicted half-life of phenyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 6.1 and 8.9 days, respectively. In field experiments, phenyl ITC at 1500 kg·ha−1 under VIF mulch suppressed purple nutsedge shoots and reduced viable tuber density ≥72%, but control was not as effective as methyl bromide at 390 kg·ha−1 (67% methyl bromide:33% chloropicrin). Therefore, phenyl ITC up to 1500 kg·ha−1 under a VIF mulch is not a viable alternative to methyl bromide for effective purple nutsedge control.

scholarly journals Reduction of Phytophthora Blight of Madagascar Periwinkle in Florida by Soil Solarization in Autumn

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. McGovern ◽  
R. McSorley ◽  
R. R. Urs
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Madagascar Periwinkle ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Three field experiments were conducted in southwest and west-central Florida in 1993 through 1995 to evaluate the effectiveness of soil solarization during autumn in reducing Phytophthora blight of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Plots (3.6 by 3.6 m) were infested by incorporating winter wheat seed containing P. nicotianae in the upper 15 cm of soil. Solarization was then conducted for 21 to 41 days, primarily during October, using clear, 25- or 50-μm low-density polyethylene mulch. The progress of Phytophthora blight, monitored for 31 to 42 days following planting, was significantly reduced by solarization in all experiments, and final blight incidence was reduced in two of three experiments. Solarization also reduced population densities of P. nicotianae.

Residual Herbicide Dissipation from Soil Covered with Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch or Left Bare

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 638-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
William K. Vencill ◽  
Nehru Mantripagada ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Soil Exposure ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Field studies were conducted to examine the dissipation of three soil-applied residual herbicides for bare soil compared with soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch in 2003 and 2004. Studies indicated that halosulfuron andS-metolachlor dissipation was more rapid for bare soil than soil under LDPE mulch. Sulfentrazone dissipation from bare soil was equal to soil under LDPE mulch in 2003. However, sulfentrazone dissipation in 2004 was more rapid for soil under LDPE mulch than for bare soil. The order for half-life, defined as time for 50% dissipation (DT50), varied by herbicide and soil exposure. Averaged across 2003 and 2004, metolachlor DT50was 2 d, halosulfuron 7 d, and sulfentrazone 16 d for bare soil.S-metolachlor DT50was 4 d, halosulfuron 10 d, and sulfentrazone 13 d for soil under LDPE mulch. Correlation between quantified herbicide dissipation and bioassay for bare soil compared with soil under LDPE mulch in 2004 indicated that assay species root dry weights were negatively correlated with herbicide concentration. Data indicated thatS-metolachlor and sulfentrazone bioassays, with oat and cotton, respectively, could be used to assess the level of dissipation for each herbicide.

Allyl Isothiocyanate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Yield

Methyl bromide has been widely used for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. With the phaseout of methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to determine if allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) would provide substantive weed control in tomato along with crop tolerance under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch. Treatment factors included two mulch types (LDPE and VIF) and six rates of allyl ITC (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). A standard treatment of methyl bromide : chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1under LDPE mulch was also established. Allyl ITC was broadcast applied and incorporated in soil before forming raised beds and laying plastic mulch. Tomatoes were transplanted 3 wk after applying allyl ITC or methyl bromide treatments. Tomato injury was ≤ 8% in all treatments at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). Allyl ITC at 913 (± 191) kg ha−1was required to control yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth, and large crabgrass equivalent to methyl bromide at 6 WATP and maintain marketable tomato yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. VIF mulch was not effective in increasing weed control or improving the marketable yield of tomato over LDPE mulch. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can have a practical application for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato in the absence of methyl bromide.

scholarly journals Optimizing Soil Disinfestation Procedures for Fresh Market Tomato and Pepper Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
J. Mirusso
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Combinations of soil fumigation with a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus chloropicrin (Pic) and soil solarization for 7 days were evaluated under different plastic films and sequences of application for their effects on soilborne pests and marketable yield of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). Shank injection of fumigants under a virtually impermeable film (VIF) using a novel application apparatus dramatically improved their retention in the soil. Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in soil declined significantly when fumigation or solarization was combined with VIF compared with either soil disinfestation treatment applied under low-density polyethylene. When compared with an untreated control, significant reductions in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), purple nutsedge (C. rotundus), and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) were achieved with a reduced dosage of fumigant when applications were made 7 days after planting beds were covered with VIF. A 7-day delay in fumigant application in beds covered by low-density polyethylene significantly increased marketable yield of pepper when compared with an untreated control. The results demonstrate that chemical and nonchemical soil disinfestation methods can be combined with novel application technology and procedures to improve their spectrum of pest control and reduce fumigant application rates.

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