scholarly journals Holdover Inoculum of Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis from Broccoli Raab Causes Disease in Subsequent Plantings

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Cintas ◽  
S. T. Koike ◽  
R. A. Bunch ◽  
C. T. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Over Time

Uniform plots of broccoli raab (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) seedlings were inoculated with a rifampicin-resistant strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis, the causal agent of bacterial blight on crucifers, resulting in 100% disease incidence in mature plants. Diseased plants were incorporated into the soil at maturity and smaller replicated plots were replanted at various times after incorporation. Rifampicin-resistant fluorescent pseudomonads with rep-PCR profiles identical to P. syringae pv. alisalensis were isolated from lesions on plants grown in soil into which the first diseased crop was incorporated. Disease incidence declined in mature plants as the length of time between incorporation of the first planting and seeding of the replanted plots increased. Bacterial population levels in soil decreased over time and bacteria were no longer detectable 3 weeks after incorporation of the diseased crop. In laboratory tests, population levels of P. syringae pv. alisalensis decreased in untreated soil but not in autoclaved soil. Greenhouse studies demonstrated a direct correlation between population levels of P. syringae pv. alisalensis applied to soil and disease incidence in seedlings. However, the decline in bacterial populations in field soils did not wholly account for the decline in disease incidence with subsequent plantings.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Blight Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi on Pea in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Benlioglu ◽  
Ü. Özyilmaz ◽  
D. Ertan
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
First Report ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Initial Symptoms

In April of 2009, leaf blight symptoms were observed on field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in Söke, Torbali, and Ödemis counties in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Field inspections revealed disease incidence as high as 45% and the disease was found in 13 commercial fields. Initial symptoms consisted of small, dark green, water-soaked lesions on leaves, stipules, and stems near ground level. Lesions often enlarged and coalesced and turned chocolate brown with a water-soaked margin. Stem infections usually coalesced and girdled the stem spreading upward to stipules and leaflets forming a fan-like lesion on the stipule. A fluorescent, gram-negative bacterium was consistently isolated from diseased tissues onto King's B medium. Twelve strains (five from cv. Early Sweet, three from cv. Geneva, two from cv. Bolero, and two from cv. Carina) from thirteen pea fields were obtained. All strains metabolized glucose oxidatively, and their reactions in LOPAT tests were +, —, —, —, +, and thus classified as belonging to Pseudomonas syringae LOPAT group Ia (1). The 12 strains utilized homoserine, inositol, sorbitol, sucrose, mannitol, and mannose but did not utilize erythritol, trehalose, and L-tartarate. All showed ice nucleation activity but variable results were obtained for gelatin liquefaction and esculin hydrolysis. Identification of P. syringae pv. pisi was confirmed by sequencing the 16S rDNA with primers Univ-1390R (3) and 27F (2). Sequences of the three local strains (Bz2, Bz4, and Bz8) were 100% identical to a type culture strain. The nucleotide sequence of strain Bz4 was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. GU332546). Pathogenicity tests were performed on greenhouse-grown 2-week-old pea plants cv. Geneva as three replicates in 12-cm pots containing a steamed sand/peat/soil mixture. Plants were stab inoculated by puncturing the main stem at its junction with the stipules at the second node from the apical end with a 26-gauge needle through a 5-μl drop of 108 CFU/ml bacterial suspensions. Control plants were inoculated with sterile water. After 10 days of incubation in a growth chamber at 24 ± 1°C with a 14-h photoperiod, stems inoculated with pea isolates resulted in water-soaked tissue spreading from the site of inoculation along the veins on stipules and leaflets that were identical to symptoms seen in the field. Control plants remained symptomless. Isolates recovered from the symptomatic stems showed the same morphological and biochemical features of the original isolates. All physiological and biochemical tests as well as the pathogenicity assay were performed at least twice and the type strain of P. syringae pv. pisi (NCPPB 2585) was used as reference. On the basis of the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and pathological characteristics, all strains were identified as P. syringae pv. pisi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae pv. pisi causing bacterial blight on pea in Turkey. Turkey currently produces approximately 93.000 t of peas annually and three-quarters of that is produced in Western Anatolia. The new disease may represent a limiting factor for future production. References: (1) R. A. Lelliott et al. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966. (2) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991. (3) D. Zeng et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4504, 1996.

scholarly journals Modeling the control of bacterial infections via antibiotic-induced proviruses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Clifton ◽  
Ted Kim ◽  
Jayadevi H. Chandrashekhar ◽  
George A. O’Toole ◽  
Zoi Rapti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Model ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Latent Form ◽  
Over Time

Most bacteria and archaea are infected by latent viruses that change their physiology and responses to environmental stress. We use a population model of the bacteria-phage relationship to examine the role that latent phage play on the bacterial population over time in response to antibiotic treatment. We demonstrate that the stress induced by antibiotic administration, even if bacteria are resistant to killing by antibiotics, is sufficient to control the infection under certain conditions. This work expands the breadth of understanding of phage-antibiotic synergy to include both temperate and chronic viruses persisting in their latent form in bacterial populations.ImportanceAntibiotic-resistance is a growing concern for management of common bacterial infections. Here we show that antibiotics can be effective at sub-inhibitory levels when bacteria carry latent phage. Our findings suggest that specific treatment strategies based on the identification of latent viruses in individual bacterial strains may be an effective personalized medicine approach to antibiotic stewardship.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Blight of Mulberries Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sahin ◽  
R. Kotan ◽  
M. F. Dönmez
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fame Analysis ◽  
Initial Symptoms

During spring 1999, a severe bacterial blight disease was observed on white mulberry (Morus alba L.) trees grown in the Erzincan, Erzurum, and Artvin provinces in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Initial symptoms appeared as small, water-soaked spots on leaves and shoots. The spots eventually expanded and resulted in dark brown to black, elongated, stripe-like lesions on shoots. Diseased leaves wilted at the twig tips and later died. Disease incidence was close to 100% in the regions surveyed. Fluorescent bacteria were isolated consistently from lesions on diseased leaves and shoots on King's medium B. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of 16 presumptive strains tested were rod-shaped, aerobic, gram negative, oxidase negative, and catalase and levan positive. None of the strains reduced nitrate or hydrolyzed gelatin. All strains were confirmed as Pseudomonas syringae by gas-chromatography fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analysis, with a similarity index ranging from 0.82 to 0.94. The pathogen was identified as P. syringae pv. mori based on pathogenicity tests performed by spray-inoculating healthy leaves (M. alba cv. Beyaz Dut) on 1-year-old host twigs with suspensions of 108 CFU/ml each strain (2). Inoculated plants and sterile water-sprayed controls were maintained in a greenhouse at 18 to 28°C. Plants were covered with polyethylene bags for 48 h after inoculation. Within 7 to 10 days, necrotic spots typical of those found in the nursery were observed on inoculated leaves. No symptoms were seen on control plants. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions on inoculated leaves. Recovered strains were identical to initial strains, based on morphological and biochemical tests and GC-FAME analysis. To our knowledge, the occurrence and incidence of this disease in different geographic regions of Turkey, except the central Anatolia and Aegean regions, have not been studied (1). This is the first report of bacterial blight of mulberries at high incidence in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. References: (1) K. Türkolu and Y. E. Öktem. Plant Prot. Bull 13:19, 1973. (2) J. M. Young et al. N. Z.J. Agric. Res. 21:159, 1978.

scholarly journals Lying in Wait: Modeling the Control of Bacterial Infections via Antibiotic-Induced Proviruses

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Clifton ◽  
Ted Kim ◽  
Jayadevi H. Chandrashekhar ◽  
George A. O’Toole ◽  
Zoi Rapti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Model ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Latent Form ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Most bacteria and archaea are infected by latent viruses that change their physiology and responses to environmental stress. We use a population model of the bacterium-phage relationship to examine the role that latent phage play in the bacterial population over time in response to antibiotic treatment. We demonstrate that the stress induced by antibiotic administration, even if bacteria are resistant to killing by antibiotics, is sufficient to control the infection under certain conditions. This work expands the breadth of understanding of phage-antibiotic synergy to include both temperate and chronic viruses persisting in their latent form in bacterial populations. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for management of common bacterial infections. Here, we show that antibiotics can be effective at subinhibitory levels when bacteria carry latent phage. Our findings suggest that specific treatment strategies based on the identification of latent viruses in individual bacterial strains may be an effective personalized medicine approach to antibiotic stewardship.

COUNTING TOTAL BACTERIA IN LAND ORGANIC WASTE HOUSEHOLD AND LAND INORGANIC WITH TOTAL PLATE COUNT METHOD (TPC)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Ekamaida Ekamaida
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
Plate Count Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Bacteria

The soil fertility aspect is characterized by the good biological properties of the soil. One important element of the soil biological properties is the bacterial population present in it. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Microbiology University of Malikussaleh in the May until June 2016. This study aims to determine the number of bacterial populations in soil organic and inorganic so that can be used as an indicator to know the level of soil fertility. Data analysis was done by T-Test that is by comparing the mean of observation parameter to each soil sample. The sampling method used is a composite method, which combines 9 of soil samples taken from 9 sample points on the same plot diagonally both on organic soil and inorganic soil. The results showed the highest bacterial population was found in total organic soil cfu 180500000 and total inorganic soil cfu 62.500.000

Methodology in Accelerated Biodegradation of Herbicides

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravva V. Subba-Rao ◽  
Thomas H. Cromartie ◽  
Reed A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Additional Index

Accelerated biodegradation of herbicides in soils can be demonstrated in the laboratory either by treating soil samples with a herbicide under conditions favorable for microbial growth or by sampling field soils soon after herbicidal treatment. Quantitative measurement of accelerated degradation of thiocarbamates in field soils is complicated by the difficulty both of obtaining a proper untreated soil and of obtaining a representative sample by proper mixing of treated soil. Both bacteria and fungi degrade thiocarbamate herbicides, and examples of either class of organisms can be isolated by suitable selection and enrichment conditions. The enzymes involved in the initial steps of thiocarbamate biodegradation seem labile and have not been characterized. Studies of accelerated biodegradation of pesticides should measure the disappearance of the parent or active herbicide using chemical analyses or bioassays. Measuring accelerated biodegradation by determining metabolites (including CO2) is complicated by potential formation of other products, by incorporation of radioactivity into soil microflora, and by complex kinetics partly due to co-metabolism of the herbicide. Additional index words: EPTC, butylate.

scholarly journals Bacterial Leaf Spot of Celery in California: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Role of Contaminated Seed

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 892-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Little ◽  
S. T. Koike ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Celery Seed ◽  
Salinas Valley

Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) of celery, was first identified in California in 1989. By 1991, BLS was apparent in all celery-growing areas of the state. Greenhouse-produced transplants were affected most severely, and disease incidence approached 100% in some greenhouses. In this study, sources of inoculum and factors contributing to disease development were investigated in three Salinas Valley greenhouse operations during the 1991, 1992, and 1993 celery transplant seasons (January to August). Epiphytic P. syringae pv. apii was not detected on celery transplants until April or May of each year. Increased epiphytic populations preceded BLS outbreaks, and high-pressure, overhead irrigation favored bacterial infiltration and disease development. In seed-wash assays, P. syringae pv. apii was recovered from 5 of 24 commercial celery seed lots. In field tests, epiphytic P. syringae pv. apii was found on umbels of inoculated celery plants, and seeds from these plants were heavily contaminated with P. syringae pv. apii. Contaminated seed produced seedlings with large epiphytic P. syringae pv. apii populations. Hot-water treatment (50°C for 25 min) eliminated >99.9% of seed contamination. Based on these results, disease management techniques are proposed.

Changing Trends in Age and Sex Distributions of Lyme Disease—United States, 1992-2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110267
Author(s):  
Kiersten J. Kugeler ◽  
Paul S. Mead ◽  
Amy M. Schwartz ◽  
Alison F. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and is characterized by a bimodal age distribution and male predominance. We examined trends in reported cases during a 25-year period to describe changes in the populations most affected by Lyme disease in the United States. We examined demographic characteristics of people with confirmed cases of Lyme disease reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1992-2016 through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. We grouped cases into 5-year periods (1992-1996, 1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016). We calculated the average annual incidence by age and sex and used incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to describe changes in Lyme disease incidence by age and sex over time. We converted patient age at time of illness into patient birth year to ascertain disease patterns according to birth cohorts. The incidence of Lyme disease in the United States doubled from 1992-1996 to 2012-2016 (IRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.70-1.78) and increased disproportionately among males; IRRs were 39%-89% higher among males than among females for most age groups. During the study period, children aged 5-9 years were most frequently and consistently affected. In contrast, the average age of adults with Lyme disease increased over time; of all adults, people born during 1950-1964 were the most affected by Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that age-related behaviors and susceptibilities may drive infections among children, and the shifting peak among adults likely reflects a probability proportional to the relative size of the baby boom population. These findings can inform targeted and efficient public health education and intervention efforts.

Comparison of Seed Transmission and Survival of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans in Common Bean Seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. He ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Transmission Frequency ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Seed Health

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin (Xap) and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans Schaad et al. (Xff) cause indistinguishable symptoms known as common bacterial blight of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). These results confirm a higher disease incidence and seed transmission frequency of Xff compared to Xap and reinforce the need for seed health tests that can differentiate the two species. Accepted for publication 21 August 2013. Published 23 September 2013.

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