Challenges with Managing Disease Complexes during Application of Different Measures Against Foliar Diseases of Field Pea

Studies were undertaken across five field locations in Western Australia to determine the relative changes in disease severity and subsequent field pea yield from up to four foliar pathogens associated with a field pea foliar disease complex (viz. Didymella, Phoma, Peronospora, Septoria), across four different pea varieties sown at three different times and at three different densities. Delaying sowing of field pea significantly (P<0.05) reduced severity of Ascochyta blight (all five locations) and Septoria blight (1 location), increased severity of downy mildew (4 locations), but had no effect on seed yield. In relation to Ascochyta blight severity at 80 days after sowing, at all locations the early time of sowing had significantly (P<0.05) more severe Ascochyta blight than the mid and late times of sowing. Increasing actual plant density from 20-25 plants m-2 to 58-78 plants m-2 significantly (P<0.05) increased the severity of the Ascochyta blight (4 locations) and downy mildew (1 location), and increased seed yield at four locations irrespective of sowing date and three locations irrespective of variety. Compared with varieties Dundale, Wirrega and Pennant, variety Alma showed significantly (P<0.05) less severe Ascochyta blight (1 location), downy mildew (1 location) and Septoria blight (1 location). Grain yield was highest for the early time of sowing at three locations. Varieties Alma, Dundale and Wirrega significantly (P<0.05) out yielded Pennant at four locations. The percentage of isolations of individual Ascochyta blight pathogens at 80 days after the first time of sowing varied greatly, with Didymella ranging 25-93% and Phoma from 6- 23% across the five field locations. This fluctuating nature of individual pathogen types and proportions within the Ascochyta blight complex, along with variation in occurrence of Peronospora and Septoria, highlights the challenges to understand and manage the complexities of co-occurring different foliar pathogens of field pea. While the search for more effective host resistance continues, there is a need for and opportunities from further exploring and exploiting cultural management approaches focussing on crop sequence diversification, intercropping, manipulating time of sowing and stand density, and application of improved seed sanitation and residue/inoculum management practices. We discuss the constraints and opportunities towards overcoming the challenges associated with managing foliar disease complexes in field pea.

Download Full-text

Effects of Management Practices on Quinoa Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 445

Author(s):

Ning Wang ◽

Fengxin Wang ◽

Clinton C. Shock ◽

Chaobiao Meng ◽

Lifang Qiao

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Thousand Kernel Weight

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) yield potential needs to be further achieved by good management practices to meet the increasing global demand. Two years of orthogonal field experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of irrigation onset criteria using soil matric potential (SMP) (−15, −25, and −55 kPa), nitrogen fertilizer rate (80, 160, and 240 kg ha−1), and plant density (20, 30, and 40 plants m−2) on quinoa growth, seed yield, weight, and protein content. Initiating irrigations at an SMP of −15 to −25 kPa achieved significantly (p < 0.05) greater seed yield (37.2 g plant−1), thousand kernel weight (2.25 g), and protein content (21.2%) than −55 kPa (25.2 g plant−1, 2.08 g, and 19.8%, respectively). The 240 kg ha−1 nitrogen rate had significantly (p < 0.05) greater thousand kernel weight (2.26 g) and protein content (21.3%) than 80 (2.07 g and 19.5%, respectively) and 160 kg ha−1 (2.14 g and 20.7%, respectively). The yield under 20 plants m−2 reached 39.5 g plant−1, which was 13.5 g plant−1 higher than 40 plants m−2 (p < 0.05). The quinoa consumed most of the available nitrogen in the soil (410–860 kg ha−1), indicating that quinoa should be part of a sound crop rotation program.

Download Full-text

Impact of cultivar, row spacing and seeding rate on ascochyta blight severity and yield of chickpea

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p06-067 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 395-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. F. Chang ◽

H. U. Ahmed ◽

S. F. Hwang ◽

B. D. Gossen ◽

R. J. Howard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Ascochyta Blight ◽

Plant Population ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Plant Population Density ◽

Wide Row Spacing

Field trials to assess the impact of chickpea type (desi vs. kabuli), row spacing and seeding rate on ascochyta blight of chickpea were conducted over 2 yr at Brooks, Alberta. A compound-leaved desi chickpea cultivar and unifoliate kabuli cultivar were sown at 20, 30 and 40 cm row spacing, and at three seeding rates (20, 40 and 60 seeds per 3 m row). Most of the variation in disease severity was associated with differences between the cultivars. Seeding rate, row spacing and their interactions had substantially smaller effects on ascochyta blight in comparison with cultivar effects. Late in the growing season, blight severity was consistently lower in the desi than the kabuli cultivar. Wide row spacing and low seeding rate reduced ascochyta blight severity and increased seed yield per plant. Wide row spacing in the first year reduced the seed yield per hectare, but row spacing did not significantly affect yield in 2005. Low in-row seeding rates increased yield only in 2004. There was a positive linear relationship between plant density and blight severity, and a negative relationship between yield per plant and both plant density and disease severity. We conclude that reduced plant population density could be one tool in a program to manage ascochyta blight of chickpea. Key words: Cicer arietinum, plant population density, ascochyta blight, yield

Download Full-text

Integrating Cropping Systems with Cultural Techniques Augments Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Management in Barley

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-08-165.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 326-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

K. Neil Harker ◽

John T. O'Donovan ◽

R. Byron Irvine ◽

T. Kelly Turkington ◽

George W. Clayton

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Field Pea ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Weed Species ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Canadian Prairie ◽

Barley Cultivars

Wild oat causes more crop yield losses and accounts for more herbicide expenditures than any other weed species on the Canadian Prairies. A study was conducted from 2001 to 2005 at four Canadian Prairie locations to determine the influence of repeated cultural and herbicidal management practices on wild oat population density, biomass, and seed production, and on barley biomass and seed yield. Short or tall cultivars of barley were combined with normal or double barley seeding rates in continuous barley or a barley–canola–barley–field-pea rotation under three herbicide rate regimes. The same herbicide rate regime was applied to the same plots in all crops each year. In barley, cultivar type and seeding rate were also repeated on the same plots year after year. Optimal cultural practices (tall cultivars, double seeding rates, and crop rotation) reduced wild oat emergence, biomass, and seed production, and increased barley biomass and seed yield, especially at low herbicide rates. Wild oat seed production at the quarter herbicide rate was reduced by 91, 95, and 97% in 2001, 2003, and 2005, respectively, when tall barley cultivars at double seeding rates were rotated with canola and field pea (high management) compared to short barley cultivars at normal seeding rates continuously planted to barley (low management). Combinations of favorable cultural practices interacted synergistically to reduce wild oat emergence, biomass and seed production, and to increase barley yield. For example, at the quarter herbicide rate, wild oat biomass was reduced 2- to 3-, 6- to 7-, or 19-fold when optimal single, double, or triple treatments were combined, respectively. Barley yield reductions in the low-management scenario were somewhat compensated for by full herbicide rates. However, high management at low herbicide rates often produced more barley than low management in higher herbicide rate regimes.

Download Full-text

The impact of plant density on the seed yield and the spring field pea’s yield component

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.26.1.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31

Author(s):

Goran Krizmanić ◽

Tihomir Čupić ◽

Snežana V. Jovanović ◽

Monika Marković ◽

Andrija Brkić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Growing Season ◽

Yield Component ◽

Field Pea ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Plant Densities ◽

The Impact

The spring field pea is one of the most important coarse legumes. This study was carried out to investigate the response of a spring field pea variety to three plant densities (50, 100, and 150 plant m-2) during the 2017 and 2019 growing seasons in eastern Croatia. The field study was set up as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications. The results have demonstrated a significant effect of the plant densities and the growing seasons on the seed yield and on the following yield components: plant height and the number of pods/plant. The effect of plant densities on the number of seeds/pod and the thousand-seed weight was not significant. As for a growing season, the highest seed yield, plant height, the number of pods/plant were obtained in the second growing season. Furthermore, a maximum seed yield was recorded at the 150-plant m-2 plant density. This study has demonstrated that planting the spring field pea at different plant densities significantly modifies the spring field pea yield, plant height and number of pods/plant.

Download Full-text

Effect of Integrated Crop Management Practices on Growth, Seed Yield and Economics of Field Pea (Pisam sativum L.)

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5529 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

S.K. Sharma ◽

Rakesh Kumar ◽

Parveen Kumar

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Management ◽

Field Pea ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Integrated Crop Management

Background: Field pea (Pisam sativum L.) has high yield potential and is grown for food, feed and vegetable. To meet the need of pulses in human diet, the use of integrated crop management practices is indispensable. Therefore, integrated crop management practices are the only option for increasing the field pea production and sustainability. The current study aimed to study the effect the different crop management practices on growth, seed yield and economics of field pea crop.Methods: In this field experiments were conducted during rabi 2013-14 to 2015-16 at Research Farm of Pulse Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment consisted of eight crop management practices viz. control, NM (Nutrient Management): RDF (20:40 kg NP ha-1), WM (Weed Management): Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 + one hand weeding at 30 DAS), PM (Pest Management): spray of quinalphos 25 EC one litre per ha in 250-300 litres of water as and when required, NM + WM, NM + PM, WM + PM, NM + WM + PM was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications.Result: Our investigations under field study revealed that significantly taller plants and higher plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed and straw yield were recorded under integration of NM + WM + PM being at par with that of integration of NM + WM over remaining crop management practices either singly or in combinations of both or control. Integration of NM + WM + PM recorded lower weeds dry weight (42.9 kg ha-1) at harvest and higher weed control efficiency (92.2%) compared to all other crop management practices. The practice of integration of NM + WM + PM gave highest net returns of `49196 ha-1 compared to other crop management practices.

Download Full-text

Individual and Combined Effects of Planting Date, Seeding Rate, Relative Maturity, and Row Spacing on Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030605 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 605

Author(s):

Peder K. Schmitz ◽

Hans J. Kandel

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Planting Date ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Beginning Of Flowering

Planting date (PD), seeding rate (SR), relative maturity (RM) of cultivars, and row spacing (RS) are primary management factors affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. The individual and synergistic effects of PD, SR, RM, and RS on seed yield and agronomic characteristics in North Dakota were herein investigated. Early and late PD, early and late RM cultivars, two SR (408,000 and 457,000 seed ha−1), and two RS (30.5 and 61 cm) were evaluated in four total environments in 2019 and 2020. Maximizing green canopy cover prior to the beginning of flowering improved seed yield. Individual factors of early PD and narrow RS resulted in yield increase of 311 and 266 kg ha−1, respectively. The combined factors of early PD, late RM, high SR, and narrow RS improved yield by 26% and provided a $350 ha−1 partial profit over conventional practices. Canopy cover and yield had relatively weak relationships with r2 of 0.36, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.21 at the two trifoliolate, four trifoliolate, beginning of flowering, and beginning of pod formation soybean growth stages, respectively. Producers in the most northern soybean region of the USA should combine early planting, optimum RM cultivars, 457,000 seed ha−1 SR, and 31 cm RS to improve yield and profit compared to current management practices.

Download Full-text

Integrated Management of Downy Mildew on Slicing Cucumber With Fungicides and Host Resistance But Not Trellising

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-19-0323-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 2592-2598

Author(s):

Anthony P. Keinath

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Cultivar Resistance ◽

Fall Season ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Management Techniques ◽

The Mean

The objective of this study was to evaluate fungicide applications, host resistance, and trellising, alone and in combination, as management practices for downy mildew on slicing cucumber. A split-split plot experimental design was used with three and four replications in spring and fall 2017, respectively. The whole-plot treatment was fungicide, four applications of chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik 6SC) alternated with three applications of cyazofamid (Ranman 400SC), or water. Split plots were nontrellised or trellised with four strings supported by stakes. Split-split plots were cultivar Bristol, which is intermediately resistant to downy mildew, or cultivar Speedway, which is susceptible to downy mildew with similar parentage as Bristol. In both seasons, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were lower with fungicides than water for both cultivars. In the spring, AUDPC for Bristol was lower than for Speedway regardless of fungicide treatment. In the fall, Bristol had a lower AUDPC than Speedway with fungicides, but the AUDPC did not differ between the two cultivars with water. The mean AUDPC for trellised plants (376.2) was lower than for nontrellised plants (434.0; P = 0.007). Fungicide applications increased marketable and total fruit weights in both seasons (P ≤ 0.0002). Marketable weight with fungicides was almost double (93% greater) the marketable weight with water. Marketable weight was 55% greater for Bristol than for Speedway in spring, but yields did not differ between cultivars in fall (season-by-cultivar interaction, P ≤ 0.0003). Because trellising had no effect on marketable yields (P = 0.11), trellising is not recommended for managing downy mildew on slicing cucumber. Of the three management techniques examined, fungicides had the largest effects on disease and yields, followed by cultivar resistance.

Download Full-text

Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859621000204 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

L. S. Sampaio ◽

R. Battisti ◽

M. A. Lana ◽

K. J. Boote

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Crop Model ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Low Latitude ◽

Area Index ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

Download Full-text