Vacuum steam treatment of Metrosideros polymorpha logs for eradication of Ceratocystis huliohia and C. lukuohia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Marc A Hughes ◽  
Zhanghing Chen ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Lisa Keith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Metrosideros Polymorpha ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Phytosanitary Treatment ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Time Required

A new and devastating disease, rapid ohia death (ROD), in Hawaii led to a state quarantine that regulates inter-island transport of ohia wood and plant material to prevent spread of the causal pathogens. Heat treatments of ohia logs in commercial trade were considered for phytosanitary treatment. Vacuum steam (VS) was evaluated for its ability to eradicate the pathogens, Ceratocystis lukuohia and/or C. huliohia, in main stem logs from ROD-affected forest trees. Replicate loads of three de-barked logs (24 to 43 cm diameter; 1.7 to 2.0 m long) were VS-treated at 56° C for 30 min (5 loads) or 60° C for 60 min (4 loads) at a sapwood depth equal to 70% of log radius. Percent isolation of Ceratocystis from VS and ambient temperature logs prior to treatment and summarized by source tree ranged from 12 to 66% and 6 to 31% based on carrot baiting assays of tissue taken from outer and inner sapwood, respectively. No viable Ceratocystis was detected in either sapwood locations for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule or for the inner locations for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule following treatment. Only one subsample (0.48%, n=208) of the latter schedule treatment yielded Ceratocystis. Time required for treatment ranged from 7.4 to 15 h for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule and from 8.6 to 19.2 h for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule. These results demonstrate VS is an effective and efficient method for treating large diameter ohia logs that mill owners and regulatory plant pathologists may consider for use in Hawaii.

An Evaluation of Some Profile Models and the Optimization Procedures Used in Profile Fitting

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Howard ◽  
Robert L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Silicon Sample ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Profile Function ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThis paper examines some of the concerns regarding the development of an algorithm for the refinement of X-ray diffraction profiles. The object of the algorithm is to provide a time efficient method of refinement through the choice of a suitable profile function and optimization technique.Seven profile models were tested using a least-squares error criterion for refinement. Profile parameters were refined using non-linear Gauss-Newton, Marquardt and Simplex algorithms. The profiles were refined on a pattern digitally collected from an NBS 640A silicon sample.The results of this study indicate the repetitive function evaluations are not necessarily the time consuming step in the profile fitting process. As the number of parameters needed to evaluate the profile and the number of points in the profile increases, the time required to perform the mathematics in the Gauss-Newton and Marquardt algorithms increases. Although the Simplex was most memory and time efficient, our Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm provided a more consistent set of refined values which were not as dependent on the initial estimates of the parameters.The most favorable results were obtained by using the split Pearson VII profile with the alpha 2 reflection fixed in position and intensity with respect to the alpha 1 reflsction. This method generated the lowest residual error and was found to avoid some problems resulting from the alpha 1, alpha 2 line overlap.

Efficient Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-1H-Perimidine Derivatives Using HBOB as a Novel Solid Acid Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunanda B. Phadtare ◽  
R. Vijayraghavan ◽  
Ganapati S. Shankarling ◽  
Douglas R. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Time Required

An efficient method for the synthesis of substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine derivatives is described using bis(oxalato)boric acid (HBOB) as catalyst. The methodology provides an easily handled and recyclable catalyst for this type of reaction as an alternative platform to the conventional acid-catalyzed thermal processes. The time required to complete the reaction using HBOB was found to be shorter than conventional methods. Recycling of the catalyst has been efficiently achieved using a simple procedure.

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of gem-diacetates from aldehydes and ketones catalysed by gallium triiodide

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (10) ◽  
pp. 659-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Sun ◽  
Zhixin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones

Aldehydes or ketones reacted with acetic anhydride in dichloromethane at ambient temperature to produce gem-diacetates in good to excellent yields in the presence of gallium triiodide, which was generated in situ from gallium and iodine. This catalyst was also useful for the deprotection of carbonyl compounds in the presence of water.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Selective Oxygenation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides by Oxalic Acid Dihydrate in the Presence of H2O2

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Mokhtary ◽  
Mohammad Qandalee ◽  
Masoumeh Rastegar Niaki
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Oxalic Acid Dihydrate ◽  
Oxidation Of Sulfides ◽  
Highly Efficient

A highly efficient method for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides using oxalic acid dihydrate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide has been developed. A versatile procedure for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides without any over-oxidation to sulfones has been reported. This procedure cleanly oxidizes sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides in excellent yields at ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Soybean Seeds Using Rhizopus oligosporus for Tempeh Production and Standardization Based on Isoflavones Content

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohanes Dwiatmaka ◽  
Endang Lukitaningsih ◽  
Nunung Yuniarti ◽  
Subagus Wahyuono
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Air Circulation ◽  
Aglycone Isoflavones ◽  
Condition B

Tempeh is an Indonesian traditional food, made from white soybean seeds by fermentation with Rhizopus mold. Soybean seeds content high isoflavone glycosides. Isoflavones can act as phytoestrogen, antioxidant and improves memory. Isoflavone glycosides are poorly absorbed in the human body, but the aglycone isoflavones absorbed quickly. Rhizopus mold hydrolize isoflavone glycosides to be aglycone isoflavones during tempeh production. This research was aimed to know the best room temperature and time of fermentation for making soybean tempeh with high content of isoflavones. After rinsing and boiling, the soybean seeds than fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus. Three conditions were applied: (a) ambient temperature (27-32oC) without air circulation, (b) 27±0.5 oC, and (c) 30±0.5 oC both with air circulations. Inner temperature of tempeh was recorded hourly. Total isoflavones were measured with UV spectrophotometer every 6 hours. Based on this study, fermentation at condition a caused the tempeh too hot and rotted quickly. Fermentation at condition b and c produced tempeh with good quality. Tempeh ripening was reached between 31-32 hours with inner temperature 32-33 oC. Fermentation for 72 hours at condition b was chosen because its high total isoflavones content (0.089% w/w), but decrease about 20% compare to soybean seeds (0.112% w/w).

Carbonation Test Study on Low Calcium Fly Ash Concrete

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Xu ◽  
Zhan Qing Chen ◽  
Su Bei Li ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Dan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Fly Ash Concrete ◽  
Concrete Carbonation ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Phenolphthalein Solution ◽  
Carbonation Resistance ◽  
C 30

Making full use of fly ash (FA) is an important part of sustainable materials development in the word. This paper discussed the carbonation resistance of concrete with 10%, 20% and 25% fly ash replacement ratios(FA%). The process was accelerated in artificial carbonation laboratory by controlling 20% concentration of CO2, 10°C~30°C temperature and 50%~70% relative humidity(RH). The depth of carbonation could be observed by spraying phenolphthalein solution on the fresh broken concrete surface. The test results show that adding fly ash into concrete results in the decrease of cement consumption and calcium hydroxide, so carbonation rate increases. But with the increase of FA% and carbonization time, the drop speed of carbonation rate slower, the differences in the microstructure are detailed. In addition, the carbonation rate increases when the ambient temperature varies from 10°C to 30°C and ambient RH falls from 70% to 50%. It concludes that the 10°C ambient temperature and 70% ambient RH are superior to other environmental conditions for enhanceing concrete carbonation resistance, and mixing 10%~25% FA into concrete have little influence on carbonation resistance of concrete if have adequate curing time.

Effects of Food Supplementation, Song Playback, and Temperature on Vocal Territorial Behavior of Carolina Wrens

The Auk ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy G. Strain ◽  
Ronald L. Mumme
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Song Rate ◽  
Thryothorus Ludovicianus ◽  
Type Change ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Song Playback

Abstract We found both the song rate and the rate of song-type change of male Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus) in winter were positively correlated with ambient temperature. When the effect of temperature was controlled statistically, food supplementation significantly increased both the song rate and the rate of song-type change. Song playback did not significantly increase either song rate or rate of song-type change, however. Because foraging and singing are mutually exclusive behaviors in Carolina Wrens, the increase in vocal territorial behavior associated with warmer temperatures and food supplementation may reflect a decrease in the time required for foraging. The rate of vocal territorial behavior in winter may be more dependent on the amount of food available to wrens than on the presence of intruders.

First Paper: Unaided Starting of Diesel Engines

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Biddulph ◽  
W-T. Lyn
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Compression Temperature

The unaided starting behaviour of seven diesel engines of different sizes and designs has been studied in some detail. It has been established that the cranking time required to achieve an ignition (the first fire) depends on (a) the compression temperature available for a given ambient temperature and cranking speed, (6) the increase in compression temperature per cycle when the engine is cranked and fuelled and ( c) the temperature required for ignition which can be obtained from ignition delay data. The time taken from first fire to starter-off depends on a number of factors, and these are discussed and the differences in this respect between the direct injection (D.I.) and the indirect injection (I.D.I.) engines pointed out. Based on the above facts, the starting behaviours of the seven engines are shown to be predictable from the respective three sets of data described above and obtained experimentally. In order to permit prediction at the engine design stage, the effects of engine geometry on heat and mass loss and hence on the compression temperature are examined in detail. The generalized data on heat and mass loss, the increase in compression temperature per cycle and the ignition delay are then presented, from which the unaided starting behaviour of any engine can be predicted. While the accuracy obtainable is only within 5 degC in ambient temperature, such a prediction is considered to be useful when it is realized that the range of unaided starting temperature of practical engines is as much as 50 degC. Finally, the relationships between engine size, startability and compression ratio are discussed, based on the theory developed.

scholarly journals The effect of cytokinins on shoot proliferation, biochemical changes and genetic stability of Rhododendron ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ in the in vitro cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Nowakowska ◽  
Anna Pińkowska ◽  
Ewa Siedlecka ◽  
Andrzej Pacholczak
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Stock Plant

AbstractShoot proliferation is a very important micropropagation phase, decisive for economic efficiency of this method for a given taxon. To obtain a high multiplication ratio and a good quality of microshoots a detailed propagation protocol must be developed for particular species or even cultivars. Rhododendron ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ is a relatively new cultivar distinguished by large, beautiful flowers and high frost resistance so there is a need to develop an efficient method of its propagation to satisfy a growing demand for this plant. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate effects of cytokinins: meta-Topolin (mT), zeatin (ZEA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), or the combination of 2iP+ZEA on proliferation of shoots in R. ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ cultured on Anderson’s medium (AN). Biochemical changes in plant material affected by cytokinins during this phase of micropropagation were determined and occurrence of genetical changes was followed using ISSR markers. TDZ, ZEA or the combination of ZEA+2iP resulted in 100% explant regeneration. On the medium with TDZ or ZEA over two new shoots per explant were produced but the highest proliferation was attained on the medium containing ZEA+2iP – over three shoots per explant. Microshoots developed in this treatment had also the highest contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble sugars as well as the highest catalase activity. Microshoots formed on the medium with zeatin showed the lowest polymorphism (below 4%) relative to a stock plant.

scholarly journals THE ILLUSTRATION GROW OF CONTAMINANT FUNGI AT WHITE BREAD BASED ON TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (IAHSC) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Niken Saymona Sari Susanti ◽  
Maulin Inggraini ◽  
Reza Anindita
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Refrigerator Temperature ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Living Creature

Introduction: Food is a basic need for every living creature. Bread is one of the processed foods that is consumed by many people as a staple food substitute for rice. The shelf life of white bread is usually not more than a week or even just three days. The appearance of bread that is not suitable for consumption is indicated by the appearance of discoloration on the bread due to being overgrown with fungus. The fungus that grows on white bread can produce mycotoxins during the storage process. Food poisoning can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Method: The purpose of this study was to determine the average percentage of white bread covered with contaminant fungi based on temperature and humidity. The method used is descriptive. Results: The results showed that white bread overgrown with contaminant fungi by steaming and not steaming which was placed at room temperature grew faster than white bread placed at refrigerator temperature. At room temperature (27°C - 30°C), contaminant fungi began to grow on the seventh day on white bread 1 and on the fourth day on white bread 2 with the steamed treatment, while for the non-steamed treatment the contaminant fungi began to grow on the fifth day. At refrigerator temperature (13°C - 16°C), white bread with steamed and unsteamed treatment was not covered with contaminant fungi. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that white bread overgrown with contaminant fungi at room temperature with steam treatment was 3.33% on the fourth to fifth day, and 66.6% on the seventh day. Bread covered with contaminant fungi at room temperature with treatment not steamed as much as 3.33% on the fifth to the seventh day. Researchers hope that future researchers can conduct this research by adding a microscopic examination method.

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