scholarly journals Seed Transmission of Pepino mosaic virus and Efficacy of Tomato Seed Disinfection Treatments

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Carmen Córdoba-Sellés ◽  
Ana García-Rández ◽  
Ana Alfaro-Fernández ◽  
Concepción Jordá-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Disinfection

Rates of seed transmission for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) were estimated in seedlings grown from seeds obtained from symptomatic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits of plants naturally infected with the virus. The proportion of seeds infected with PepMV was at least 25% as estimated from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of grouped seeds. The seeds from symptomatic fruits were planted, and seedlings at the cotyledon and transplant stage were assayed for PepMV by ELISA. Three of 168 seedlings grown from infected seeds were PepMV-positive, corresponding to a seed-to-seedling transmission rate of 1.84%. Various tomato seed treatments were evaluated for their ability to prevent seed transmission of PepMV. This virus was largely eradicated by immersing the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate for 3 h. Although heat treatments of 24 h at 80°C and 48 h at 74°C eliminated PepMV in seedlings, these treatments did not eradicate the virus in whole seeds. The three treatments did not adversely affect seed germination. The results suggest that trisodium phosphate can be used to eradicate PepMV in tomato seed without hindering germination.

scholarly journals Pepino mosaic virus on Tomato Seed: Virus Location and Mechanical Transmission

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1701-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Shu Ling
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Infectivity Assay ◽  
Seed Coats

In just a few years, Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has become a major threat to greenhouse tomato production around the world. Although tomato seed is suspected to spread the disease, its importance as an initial virus inoculum for PepMV has not been established. To determine the potential for seed transmission, a tomato seed lot highly contaminated with PepMV was used for large-scale seedling grow-out tests. None of 10,000 grow-out seedlings was infected as determined by symptom expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or infectivity assay on Nicotiana benthamiana. Even though PepMV was not seed transmitted on tomato, the virus was effectively transmitted to tomato and N. benthamiana seedlings through mechanical transmission with seed extract. To examine the exact location where PepMV particles accumulated on the tomato seed, seed coats and embryos were carefully isolated and tested separately by ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, and bioassay on N. benthamiana. PepMV was detected in the seed coat fraction in both immature and mature tomato seeds, but not in the embryo. However, in N. benthamiana, the virus was neither seedborne nor seed-transmitted. Because PepMV is seedborne in tomato, efficient mechanical transmission of PepMV from the virus-contaminated tomato seed to seedlings could initiate a disease epidemic in a new tomato growing area. Thus, it is important to plant certified tomato seed that has been tested free of PepMV.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Chemo- and Thermotherapeutic Treatments on Pepino mosaic virus in Tomato Seed

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Shu Ling
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Treatment

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a seedborne virus of importance in greenhouse tomato. The ease of mechanical transmission of PepMV from contaminated tomato seed to seedlings makes commercial tomato seed a potential source of initial virus inoculum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemo- and thermotherapeutic treatments on PepMV using seed from a commercial hybrid tomato seed lot. The effect of various seed treatments was evaluated through bioassay with mechanical inoculation of the treated seed extract on indicator plants (Nicotiana benthamiana). Three commonly used seed-treatment chemicals and two thermo-treatment methods were evaluated. The most effective chemical was the commercial bleach solution (0.5 and 1.0% sodium hypochlorite), followed by trisodium phosphate. On the other hand, hydrochloric acid treatments were not effective. Under the stated chemotherapeutic treatment conditions, the rate of seed germination was not significantly affected. With thermotherapeutic treatments, although hot water soaking for 2 h at 55°C deactivated virus infectivity, it also resulted in a detrimental effect on seed germination. However, treatment with dry-heat baking (72 or 80°C for 48 to 72 h) was effective in reducing PepMV infection with minimum impact on seed germination.

Factors influencing transmission of alfalfa mosaic virus through seed of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and the genetic control of seed transmission rate

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Pathipanawat ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Rate Condition ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Annual Medics

Factors likely to influence rates of transmission of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) through seed to seedlings of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and genetic control of the magnitude of its seed transmission rate were investigated in plants from 17 early-flowering accessions of M. polymorpha and in progenies of crosses involving M. murex cv. Zodiac × accession 5320 as parents. Plants were graft-inoculated when 6 weeks old to ensure successful and uniform infection. To exclude variation in seed transmission rates due to virus isolate or temperature, only 1 AMV isolate was used and the plants were kept under uniform temperature conditions. In M. polymorpha, significant differences were found between accessions in the levels of AMV transmitted through seed to progeny seedlings, SA 8250 giving the highest mean level of seed transmission (52%) and SA 4188 the lowest (3%). Neither virus concentration nor symptom severity influenced the rates of seed transmission obtained. However, part of the variation in seed transmission rates found in these accessions was related to their flowering times, seed transmission rates increasing as the interval between inoculation and owering increased. In seed samples collected from individual graft-inoculated plants of M. murex from (i) the F2 generation from crosses and reciprocal crosses, and (ii) the backcross progenies, the rates of transmission of AMV through seed to seedlings ranged from 0 to 77% and showed a continuous pattern of variation. Also, there was evidence of transgressive segregation for the low seed transmission rate condition. This indicates that the low seed transmission rate condition for AMV in medics is quantitatively inherited and under polygenic control. In contrast, when the pods from F2 progeny plants from the crosses and reciprocal crosses were examined, the segregation ratios obtained revealed that the smooth pod character from parent accession 5320 was controlled by a single recessive gene, for which the name sp is proposed. The presence in a plant of gene sp, or of its spiny pod-determining allele from the other parent cv. Zodiac, was not correlated with low seed transmission rates of AMV. It is concluded that selection for low rates of seed transmission and a population breeding approach can be used to produce improved M. polymorpha and M. murex cultivars with good resistance to seed-borne AMV

Seed transmission of Pepino mosaic virus in tomato

2009 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge M. Hanssen ◽  
Rick Mumford ◽  
Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽  
Isabel Cortez ◽  
Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus

scholarly journals First Report of Pepino mosaic virus on Tomato in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1292-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jordá ◽  
A. Lázaro Pérez ◽  
P. Martínez-Culebras ◽  
P. Abad ◽  
A. Lacasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Report

At the beginning of 2000, a damaging disease developed on protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crops grown in polyethylene greenhouses in different regions of Spain. Production losses were estimated at 15 to 80%. The tomato plants showed a variety of symptoms. The most common symptoms were leaf distortion, chlorosis, and mosaic. Some plants showed a dark green mosaic and bubbling of the leaf surface. Green striations were also observed on the stem and sepals. Most of the diseased plants had discolored fruits. Symptoms decreased as environmental temperature increased. The involvement of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was suspected. To identify the etiological agent, ≈500 symptomatic tomato plants were collected from several locations in Alicante, Murcia, Almeria and the Canary Islands. Flexuous viral particles 510 nm long were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting the presence of a potexvirus in the tissue extracts analyzed. All samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), using polyclonal antibodies to Narcissus mosaic virus (Adgen, Auchincriuve, Scotland), a virus serologically related to PepMV, and two antisera specific to PepMV (Adgen, Scotland and DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany). PepMV was detected in 35% of the samples. Like PepMV, the virus infected (as confirmed by ELISA) greenhouse-grown Datura stramonium, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, Solanum tuberosum, and Vigna sinensis and did not infect Capsicum anuum, Cucumis sativus, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Petunia × hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis floridana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, or N. tabacum. The virus did infect Gomphrena globosa, which normally is not infected by PepMV. The first report of PepMV was on pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1974 (1), but this virus has been recently reported in the Netherlands, England, Germany, and France on protected tomato crops (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Spain, including the Canary Islands. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980. (2) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Alert List Viruses. On-line publication/2000/003.

Localization and mechanical transmission of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato seeds

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidà Mohammed Salem ◽  
Abdullah Sulaiman ◽  
Nezar Samarah ◽  
Massimo Turina ◽  
Marta Vallino
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Tomato Seeds

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, is a highly virulent emerging virus, causing disease outbreaks and significant crop losses worldwide. The growing number of ToBRFV epidemic episodes prompted the investigation of the role of seeds in the dissemination of the virus as an important aspect in the overall disease management. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the localization of ToBRFV within tomato seeds and to evaluate its seed transmission characteristics. Seeds extracted from naturally ToBRFV-infected tomato fruits were tested for the presence of the virus using serological, molecular, and biological assays. Three immunolocalization techniques were used to determine the localization and distribution of ToBRFV within the different tissues and parts of tomato seeds. To evaluate seed transmission of ToBRFV, two grow-out experiments were conducted to assess the rate of both vertical (seeds to progeny seedlings) and possible horizontal transmission (plant to plant) based on serological and molecular assays. Seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits had a 100% contamination rate. The localization of ToBRFV in tomato seeds is only external on the seed coat (testa). Seed transmission rate from seeds to their seedlings was very low (0.08%), while no transmission was recorded from plants to plants in a small-scale greenhouse experimental setup. In conclusion, ToBRFV is a seed-borne virus located externally on tomato seed coat and transmitted mechanically from ToBRFV-contaminated tomato seeds to seedlings which could initiate a disease foci and eventually drive further dissemination and spread of the disease in a new growing area.

scholarly journals Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Salvatore Davino ◽  
Andrea Giovanni Caruso ◽  
Sofia Bertacca ◽  
Stefano Barone ◽  
Stefano Panno
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tomato Seeds ◽  
Seed Disinfection ◽  
Seeds Germination

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a highly infectious virus, that is becoming a threat to tomato production worldwide. In this work we evaluated the localization of ToBRFV particles in tomato seeds, its seed transmission rate and efficacy of disinfection, and the effects of different thermal- and chemical-based treatments on ToBRFV-infected seeds’ germination. Analyses demonstrated that ToBRFV was located in the seed coat, sometime in the endosperm, but never in the embryo; its transmission from infected seeds to plantlets occurs by micro-lesions during the germination. The ToBRFV seed transmission rate was 2.8% in cotyledons and 1.8% in the third true leaf. Regarding the different disinfection treatments, they returned 100% of germination at 14 days post-treatment (dpt), except for the treatment with 2% hydrochloric acid +1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 24 h, for which no seed germinated after 14 dpt. All treatments have the ability to inactivate ToBRFV, but in six out of seven treatments ToBRFV was still detectable by RT-qPCR. These results raise many questions about the correct way to carry out diagnosis at customs. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the effective localization of ToBRFV particles in seeds.

scholarly journals New Polish Isolate of Pepino mosaic virus Highly Distinct from European Tomato, Peruvian, and US2 Strains

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1106-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pospieszny ◽  
N. Borodynko
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Symptomless Infection

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV, genus Potexvirus) was first described on pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru during 1980. Since 1999, the virus was reported in several European countries and in North and South America as an agent of viral disease of tomato crops. In Poland in 2002, the PepMV-SW isolate that was genetically similar to European isolates (approximately 99% identity) was identified (3). In November 2005, in the western part of the Wielkopolska Region, a virus with flexuous filamentous particles approximately 500 nm long was isolated from tomato fruits exhibiting symptoms of discoloration. Crude sap from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves was used for mechanical inoculation of indicator plants. The virus caused symptoms on N. benthamiana, N. clevelandii, Datura inoxia, and Lycopersicon esculentum. Symptomless infection on N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc, N. tabacum cv. White Burley, and N. debneyi was confirmed by back-inoculation on N. benthamiana. The virus did not infect N. glutinosa, Physalis floridana, Petunia hybrida, Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium quinoa, Cucumis sativus, or Phaseolus vulgaris. The virus was initially identified using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with polyclonal antiserum against PepMV (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). Positive serological reactions were obtained with sap from inoculated N. benthamiana, L. esculentum, and N. clevelandii plants. The serological identification was confirmed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers generated from a sequence of the RNA polymerase region of an isolate of PepMV reported in the United Kingdom (1). Sequence information obtained from the amplified fragment of the virus designated PepMV-PK (GenBank Accession No. DQ387870), showed only 81% nt identity and 89% amino acid identity with PepMV-SW (GenBank Accession No. DQ387869). PepMV isolates can be divided into three strains including European tomato, Peruvian, and US2 based on their genetic diversity (2). The PepMV-PK isolate resulted in nucleotide identities ranging from 79 to 81% with isolates of the European tomato strain (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ438767, AF340024, AF484251, AJ271991, AJ606359, and AJ290424), 81% with the Peruvian strain (GenBank Accession Nos. AM109896 and AJ606361), and 78% identity with each of the U.S. isolates US1 (GenBank Accession No. AY509926) and US2 (GenBank Accession No. AY509927). These results show that the new Polish isolate is distinct from all other PepMV isolates reported to date. References: (1) C. J. French et al. Plant Dis. 85:1121, 2001. (2) L. Pagan et al. Phytopathology 96:274, 2006. (3) H. Pospieszny et al. Phytopathol. Pol. 26:91, 2002.

Studies on seed transmission of subterranean clover mottle virus and its detection in clover seed by ELISA and RT-PCR

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Njeru ◽  
D. G. Ferris ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
M. G. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Seed Extracts

Plants of 5 naturalised annual clover species that occur within subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) pastures were infected with 3 isolates of subterranean clover mottle virus (SCMoV), their seed harvested and sown, and the seedlings tested for SCMoV presence by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seed transmission was detected in 3 species, but always occurred at low levels (0·1–0·5%). With T. cernuum, seed transmission was obtained with 3 isolates, but with T. campestre and T. tomentosum, it was detected only with one. Seed transmission rates in 3 subterranean clover cultivars were similar (0·1–0·4%). Together with subterranean clover, T. campestre, T. cernuum, and T. tomentosum probably play a role in persistence of the virus in annual pastures through the dry summer period via infection of dormant seed. ELISA was used to test both subterranean clover leaf samples and seed samples from SCMoV-infected swards for the virus. When leaf samples and whole seeds were tested, SCMoV was detected at dilutions up to 1/512 in leaf sap and 1/64 in seed extracts. When seeds were separated into seed coat and cotyledons/embryo components, the virus was detected in both. However, pre-treatment of seeds with trisodium phosphate before separation into the 2 components eliminated assayable SCMoV from the cotyledons/embryos, whilst the virus was then only detectable in extracts of seed coats if left undiluted. This suggests that most of the SCMoV in seeds is associated with the seed coat and is destroyed by pre-treatment with trisodium phosphate. Part of the genome of SCMoV was cloned and sequenced to develop primers specific for SCMoV for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR). Detection of 2 SCMoV isolates by the RT-PCR assay was confirmed by restriction analysis of the specific 596 base pair RT-PCR product. RT-PCR detected SCMoV at higher dilutions than ELISA in both leaf and whole seed extracts. The RT-PCR assay developed is suitable for sensitive routine testing of bulked seed samples of subterranean clover for presence of seed-borne SCMoV.

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